“…Additionally, Panumonwatee et al (2021) suggest that a mixed HLD equation specifically developed for alcohol ethoxylated-LE systems can be used to predict the experimentally determined S* and could be potentially used as a predictive screening tool to select the surfactant characteristics and formulation conditions for different applications. Another study by Chen et al (2022) investigated the microemulsion behavior of surfactant mixtures of sodium laureth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine and decyl glucoside (APG) with fragrance oil mixtures, which are commonly found in many consumer product cleanser formulations. They observed similar nonideal behavior of different properties of oil mixtures in these systems.…”
Section: Evaluations Of Enhanced Oil Recovery Remediation and Washing...mentioning
When designing surfactant formulations using ionic and nonionic surfactants, the hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) is a generalized surfactant characterization parameter that has shown to be useful when designing surfactant formulations, in the case of both ionic and nonionic surfactants (Davies' and Griffin's methods). Microemulsion phase behavior studies have been extensively used to optimize surfactant formulations, but these studies can cover a very wide phase space and can often encounter troublesome non‐equilibrium issues such as coacervation. Detailed phase behavior studies can be time‐consuming and difficult to apply beyond the specific surfactant‐oil system studied. The hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) provides a method to help expedite surfactant formulation research by reducing the number of phase behavior studies required to optimize a given formulation. Detergency experiments have indicated that there is an optimal range of HLD for a given fabric surface. This appears to apply to other applications, as well, for example, surfactant formulations used in enhanced oil recovery have been optimized using the HLD method. These studies found that the HLD can reflect total oil recovery, even if the surfactants were derived from different alcohol feedstocks (e.g., HLD of 0 would describe optimum conditions regardless the type of surfactant). Also with additional parameterization, the HLD method can also be applied to non‐ideal surfactant mixtures, specifically ionic/nonionic blends. Overall, the HLD framework has shown to be an effective screening tool for a wide range of surfactant‐related applications when appropriate experiments, assumptions, and understanding of surfactant and oil interactions are used to generate the HLD parameters.
“…Additionally, Panumonwatee et al (2021) suggest that a mixed HLD equation specifically developed for alcohol ethoxylated-LE systems can be used to predict the experimentally determined S* and could be potentially used as a predictive screening tool to select the surfactant characteristics and formulation conditions for different applications. Another study by Chen et al (2022) investigated the microemulsion behavior of surfactant mixtures of sodium laureth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine and decyl glucoside (APG) with fragrance oil mixtures, which are commonly found in many consumer product cleanser formulations. They observed similar nonideal behavior of different properties of oil mixtures in these systems.…”
Section: Evaluations Of Enhanced Oil Recovery Remediation and Washing...mentioning
When designing surfactant formulations using ionic and nonionic surfactants, the hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) is a generalized surfactant characterization parameter that has shown to be useful when designing surfactant formulations, in the case of both ionic and nonionic surfactants (Davies' and Griffin's methods). Microemulsion phase behavior studies have been extensively used to optimize surfactant formulations, but these studies can cover a very wide phase space and can often encounter troublesome non‐equilibrium issues such as coacervation. Detailed phase behavior studies can be time‐consuming and difficult to apply beyond the specific surfactant‐oil system studied. The hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) provides a method to help expedite surfactant formulation research by reducing the number of phase behavior studies required to optimize a given formulation. Detergency experiments have indicated that there is an optimal range of HLD for a given fabric surface. This appears to apply to other applications, as well, for example, surfactant formulations used in enhanced oil recovery have been optimized using the HLD method. These studies found that the HLD can reflect total oil recovery, even if the surfactants were derived from different alcohol feedstocks (e.g., HLD of 0 would describe optimum conditions regardless the type of surfactant). Also with additional parameterization, the HLD method can also be applied to non‐ideal surfactant mixtures, specifically ionic/nonionic blends. Overall, the HLD framework has shown to be an effective screening tool for a wide range of surfactant‐related applications when appropriate experiments, assumptions, and understanding of surfactant and oil interactions are used to generate the HLD parameters.
“…The term is responsible for the effect of ionic strength on film curvature. It is presented as a function of the aqueous phase salinity ( S ) expressed as equivalent grams of NaCl or HCL (depending on surfactant charge) per 100 mL [ 186 ].…”
The global increase of road infrastructure and its impact on the environment requires serious attention to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly road materials. One group of those materials is produced by using bitumen emulsion. However, there are still scientific and technical obstacles standing against its regular application. The bitumen emulsion formulation process and compositional optimization are subjected to a high number of degrees of freedom. Consequently, obtaining the desired product is mostly based on a series of random and tedious trials because of the enormous number of tests that are carried out to meet the required properties, such as emulsion stability, viscosity, droplet size (and distribution), and bitumen emulsion chemistry. Several pre-established formulation procedures have been presented in the literature. Some of them have technical limitations to be utilized for practical industrial application, whereas others are still not understood enough to be applied in bitumen emulsion formulation. Therefore, discussing some important issues in this field could be useful to offer a practical guide for bitumen emulsion manufacturers when trying to formulate a well-defined bitumen emulsion to best fit its use in pavement infrastructure rather than to simply to meet standard specifications. This review paper aims to enable the ultimate potential of bitumen emulsion by further reviewing the research progress of bitumen emulsion manufacturing and discussing the literature available up to now on this topic, in the realm of bitumen emulsion manufacturing and emulsion chemistry.
“…When comparing the effects of different oily materials, researchers have found it advantageous to categorize compounds in terms of their equivalent alkane carbon numbers (EACN) (Phaodee et al 2020;Chen et al 2022). Thus, the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond within a linear alkyl chain often leads to properties equivalent to those of a saturated chain with two less carbons in it (Brito et al 2011;Hubbe et al 2020).…”
Section: Equivalent Alkane Carbon Numbers For Oily Phasesmentioning
The release of soils and impurities from cellulosic surfaces plays a critical role in such processes as the laundering of clothes and the deinking of wastepaper pulps. This article reviews publications that provide evidence about factors that affect such release and the mechanisms by which such factors operate. In general, cellulosic substrates provide advantages for the release of contaminants due to their hydrophilic nature and due to their permeability, allowing the transport of surfactants to contact interfaces with dirt. However, the same permeability of cellulosic material also provides opportunities for contaminants to work themselves into internal crevices and pores, from which they are difficult to remove. The article also reviews aspects of theory related to detergency and how those theories relate to the laundering, deinking, and purifying of substrates based on cellulose and related plant materials. Cellulose and some of its derivatives also can play a role in detergent formulation, especially as builders or as finishes placed on textile surfaces, which sometimes aid in the release of dirt.
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