Characterizing direct emissions of perfluoroalkyl substances from ongoing fluoropolymer production sources: A spatial trend study of Xiaoqing River, China

Shi, Yunfeng; Vestergren, Robin; Xu, Lin; Song, Xiaowei; Niu, Xiameng; Zhang, Chunhui; Cai, Yaqi

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.035

Cited by 92 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…To the best of our knowledge, the PFOA concentration in surface water (1.71 mg/L) reported in this study is the highest ever found (reviewed in Table S6). Previous studies near this location found slightly lower levels of PFOA (0.37 mg/L-0.97 mg/L) (Shi et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016), which may indicate an increasing emission of PFAAs to the studied river. Except for 6.57 mg/L caused by AFFF infiltration in Tyndall Air Force Base (USA) (Moody and Field, 1999), the concentration of PFOA in groundwater (240 μg/L) in our study also represents the highest found so far (reviewed in Table S7).…”

Section: Occurrence and Source Identification Of Pfaas In Surface Andmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The major source is a mega-fluorochemical industrial park (FIP), a fluoropolymer production centre with an annual capacity of 50,000 tons of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 37,000 tons of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 10,000 tons of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and more than 200,000 tons of different types of fluorinated refrigerants (Dongyue Group Limited, 2012). Previous studies demonstrated that fluoropolymer manufacturers can seriously contaminate surface water with PFAAs (Heydebreck et al, 2015;Shi et al, 2015), but less is known about local groundwater contamination by such industrial sites and the relationship with polluted surface water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Liu

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

119

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Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) can be released to water bodies during manufacturing and application of PFAA-containing products. In this study, the contamination pattern, attenuation dynamics, sources, pathways, and risk zoning of PFAAs in surface and ground water was examined within a 10 km radius from a mega-fluorochemical industrial park (FIP). Among 12 detected PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated, followed by shorter-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). PFAA-containing waste was discharged from the FIP, with levels reaching 1.86 mg/L in the nearby rivers flowing to the Bohai sea together with up to 273 μg/L in the local groundwater in the catchment. These levels constitute a human health risks for PFOA and other shorter-chained PFCAs within this location. The concentrations of ∑PFAAs in surface water strongly correlated with the local groundwater. The dominant pollution pathways of PFAAs included (i) discharge into surface water then to groundwater through seepage, and (ii) atmospheric deposition from the FIP, followed by infiltration to groundwater. As the distance increased from the source, PFAAs levels in groundwater showed a sharp initial decrease followed by a gentle decline. The contamination signal from the FIP site on PFAAs in groundwater existed within a radius of 4 km, and at least 3 km from the polluted Dongzhulong River. The major controlling factor in PFAA attenuation processes was likely to be dilution together with dispersion and adsorption to aquifer solids. The relative abundance of PFOA (C8) declined while those of shorter-chained PFCAs (C4-C6) increased during surface water seepage and further dispersion in groundwater.

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Section: Occurrence and Source Identification Of Pfaas In Surface Andmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Liu

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

119

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“…This FIP also produces other fluoropolymers (FP) that involve PFOA as a processing aid (Wang et al, 2014a;Wang et al, 2016). While PFOA is largely released via the production and use of Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate (APFO) (Wang et al, 2014b), the C4-C7 PFCAs mainly come from impurities of PFCAs in FP/fluoroelastomer (FE) products or degradation of FP precursors (Shi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China: Implications for human exposure

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

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The manufacture of fluorochemicals can lead to high levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) contaminating the surrounding environment and consequently elevated exposure to the local residents. In this study, measurements of PFAAs associated with indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) were made. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C4-C7 PFCAs) were the predominant forms in all samples. The signature of the PFAAs in dusts in the local area matched that found within the FIP complex. The contamination plume in the local area could be linked to the prevailing wind direction starting from the FIP. The dust concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from the FIP (noticeably in the first 5 km). PFAAs contamination could be detected at the furthest location, 20 km away from the FIP. The concentrations of PFAAs were higher in indoor dust (73-13,500 ng/g, median: 979 ng/g) than those in outdoor dust (5-9495 ng/g, median: 62 ng/g) at every location. The highest estimated daily intake of PFOA via dust ingestion (26.0 ng/kg·bw/day) was for toddlers (2-5 years) living 2 km away from the FIP, which is posing human health risk, though exposure remains within the provisional tolerable daily intake values.

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“…The substantially elevated concentrations of PFOS in Tangxun Lake have previously been attributed to the direct release from POSF production sources, 23,24 whereas the contamination profile of PFOS along Xiaoqing River was likely influenced by multiple diffuse sources. 32 Although concomitantly high concentrations of F-53B and PFOS have been observed in wastewater from metal plating facilities in China, 14 the differences in F-53B to PFOS ratios between Xiaoqing River and Tangxun Lake indicate that differences in their production sources may also lead to variability in their emission patterns and geographical distribution. A comparison with surface water concentrations of F-53B downstream of municipal wastewater facilities (10−50 ng/L) 14 further suggests that the concentrations in both Xiaoqing River and Tangxun Lake reflect relatively low levels of contamination.…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Distribution and Whole Body Burden of the Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonic Acid F-53B in Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius): Evidence for a Highly Bioaccumulative Contaminant of Emerging Concern

Shi

Vestergren

Zhou

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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197

171

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Following the global actions to phase out perfluoroctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) a large number of alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, with poorly defined hazard properties, are being used in increasing quantities. Here, we report on the first detection of the chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid F-53B in biological samples and determine the tissue distribution and whole body bioaccumulation factors (BAFwhole body) in crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Analysis of fish samples from Xiaoqing River (XR) and Tangxun Lake (TL) demonstrated a similar level of F-53B contamination with median concentrations in blood of 41.9 and 20.9 ng/g, respectively. Tissue/blood ratios showed that distribution of F-53B primarily occurs to the kidney (TL: 0.48, XR: 0.54), gonad (TL: 0.36, XR: 0.54), liver (TL: 0.38, XR: 0.53), and heart (TL: 0.47, XR: 0.47). Median Log BAFwhole body values for F-53B (XR: 4.124, TL: 4.322) exceeded regulatory bioaccumulation criterion and were significantly higher than those of PFOS in the same data sets (XR: 3.430, TL: 3.279). On the basis of its apparent omnipresence and strong bioaccumulation propensity, it is hypothesized that F-53B could explain a significant fraction of previously unidentified organofluorine in biological samples from China, and regulatory actions for this compound are encouraged.

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Characterizing direct emissions of perfluoroalkyl substances from ongoing fluoropolymer production sources: A spatial trend study of Xiaoqing River, China

Cited by 92 publications

References 45 publications

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Risk assessment and source identification of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface and ground water: Spatial distribution around a mega-fluorochemical industrial park, China

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China: Implications for human exposure

Tissue Distribution and Whole Body Burden of the Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonic Acid F-53B in Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius): Evidence for a Highly Bioaccumulative Contaminant of Emerging Concern

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