Characterization, Phytochemical Screenings and Antioxidant Activity Test of Kratom Leaf Ethanol Extract (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) Using DPPH Method

Abstract

Antioxidants are compounds that have an important role in health because they can be used as anti-toxic molecules in the body which are the cause of various diseases. One of the plants that have antioxidant content is kratom (MitragynaspeciosaKorth). The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of kratom leaf ethanol extract by using the DPPH trapping method. Exploration of kratom leaf samples was carried out by maceration using ethanol 96%, macerate was evaporated with a rotary evaporator, phytochemical screening of kratom leaf ethanol extract and antioxidant testing of DPPH as Free radical. Result of Simplisia Characterization of kratom leaves containing water, air soluble extract contents, ethanol-soluble extract levels, total ash content, and acid insoluble ash content sequentially as follows: 6.65; 18.01; 9.45; 7.14; and 1.06%. Phytochemical Screening results containing kratom leaf ethanol extract containing chemical composition: alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids/steroids, saponins, and tannins. The results of antioxidant activity testing showed that ethanol extract had an IC50 value of 38.56 μg / ml. The results showed that the ethanol extract of kratom leaves had antioxidant activity in a very strong category.

A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans

“…In a double connection, it is also suggested that the inhibition of active pain substances release (Aziddin et al., 2005 ) and a decreased COX‐2 mRNA/prostaglandin E₂ production (Utar et al., 2011 ) would mediate kratom's anti‐inflammatory effects, which we found in some studies (Aziddin et al., 2005 ; Chittrakarn et al., 2018 ; Macko et al., 1972 ; Mossadeq et al., 2009 ). We also found kratom to show some actions suggested to be possibly involved in pain reduction with herbal remedies (Forouzanfar and Hosseinzadeh, 2018 ), such as muscle relaxant effects by acting on the neuromuscular junction (Chittrakarn et al., 2010 ), and antioxidant properties potentially related to phenolic content (Ghazali et al., 2011 ; Goh et al., 2014 ; Grewal, 1932b ; Parthasarathy et al., 2009 ; Yuniarti et al., 2020 ).…”

“…Overall, 75 records were deemed relevant to this systematic review (details of the selection process are shown in Figure 1). These included 18 studies performed in humans, and 57 preclinical studies, that were mainly in vivo studies with a brief observation period, with nine having a more extended observation period (Cheaha et al, 2015;Grewal, 1932b;Harun et al, 2020;Hassan et al, 2020;Khor et al, 2011;Kumarnsit et al, 2006Kumarnsit et al, , 2007aMeepong and Sooksawate, 2019;Wilson et al, 2020), and other nine were in vitro (Abdul Aziz et al, 2012;Fakurazi et al, 2013;Ghazali et al, 2011;Goh et al, 2014;Grewal, 1932b;Jamil et al, 2013;Juanda et al, 2019;Parthasarathy et al, 2009;Yuniarti et al, 2020). Since six preclinical studies gave evidence for two potential therapeutic uses, the related content will be described in each specific section of the results.…”

“…or i.p.) were found to produce several effects including gastroprotective action (Chittrakarn et al, 2018), inhibition of acid gastric secretion (Tsuchiya et al, 2002), and anti-inflammatory (Aziddin et al, 2005;Chittrakarn et al, 2018;Macko et al, 1972;Mossadeq et al, 2009), stress mitigating (Hazim et al, 2011;Khor et al, 2011;Vázquez López et al, 2017), anxiolytic-like (Hazim et al, 2014;Khor et al, 2011;Moklas et al, 2013) and antidepressant-like effects (Idayu et al, 2011;Kumarnsit et al, 2007aKumarnsit et al, , 2007b, anorectic action (Chittrakarn et al, 2008;Grewal, 1932b;Kumarnsit et al, 2006Kumarnsit et al, , 2007b, antimutagen/anticancer (Ghazali et al, 2011;Goh et al, 2014), antioxidant (Goh et al, 2014;Grewal, 1932b;Parthasarathy et al, 2009;Yuniarti et al, 2020), and muscle relaxant effect (Chittrakarn et al, 2010). The extract had a more significant action in terms of muscle relaxation when compared to mitragynine (Chittrakarn et al, 2010).…”

Antibacterial mechanism of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) methanol extract on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Eschericia coli bacteria

“…11 The effectiveness of kratom as an antimicrobial has been known for a long time, based on the results of phytochemicals in kratom leaves, it has been found that kratom leaves contain alkaloid, flavonoids, steroid, saponin and tannins and have antioxidant effect. 12 It has been found in previous studies that compounds derived from plants have antibacterial activity based on phytochemical data. The components of the active substances in mitragyna speciosa extract have been proven, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, phenols and other active compounds.…”

The Evolution of Pharmacological Activities Bouea macrophylla Griffith In Vivo and In Vitro Study: A Review

“…The presence of hydrogen atoms from antioxidant compounds that bind to free electrons in radical compounds cause a change from free radicals (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) to non-radical compounds (diphenylpicrylhydrazine) [41], characterized by a color change from purple to yellow (as antioxidants reduce free radical compounds) [42]. IC50 is used to determine the antioxidant activity using the DPPH method; the concentration of the sample required to capture DPPH radicals is as much as 50% [43]. The greatest IC50 of plum mango using the DPPH method is its seed chloroform extract with 4.34 µg/mL; this IC50 value correlates to its phenolic content, which is the highest compared to other part plant and extraction methods, as represented in Table 1.…”