Characterization of West Nile virus (WNV) isolates from Assam, India: Insights into the circulating WNV in northeastern India

Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil

“…In brief, serum samples were subjected to RNA extraction by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). RNA was reverse transcribed by using the SuperScript II Reverse Transcription Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and subjected to PCRs specific for DENV ( 5 ) CHIKV ( 6 ), WNV ( 7 ) and Mayaro virus ( 8 ). A positive RT-PCR for a partial region of the envelope gene with primers ZIKVENF and ZIKVENVR (positions 1538–1558 and 1902–1883, respectively) ( 9 ) was considered indicative of ZIKV infection.…”

Identification of hub genes and their SNP analysis in West Nile virus infection for designing therapeutic methodologies using RNA-Seq data

“…Originally first detected in Uganda, it has been endemically spreading in various regions across the world, including the Middle East, some regions of Africa, Europe and United States at different periods (Suthar et al 2013). However, serologically it was first tested in Assam, India in 2006 (Chowdhury et al 2014). Belonging to the Flaviviridae family, it is encoded by a *11 kb positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome (Suthar et al 2013).…”

West Nile Virus Infection among Animals and Humans in India

“…WNV strain P-4230 has been isolated from a laboratory worker who got infected while handling the Indian mosquito strain G-2266 and the Egyptian human strain E-101 (Paramasivan et al, 2003). In 2006, WNV belonging to lineage 5 has been detected among humans in the region of Assam to which JEV is endemic (Chowdhury et al, 2014;Khan et al, 2011). An outbreak of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) due to WNV was reported in Kerala in 2011.…”

“…A membranebased electrochemical nano-biosensor has been developed for the detection of WNV that recognizes viral particles or virus E protein during the early stage of infection (Nguyen et al, 2009). In India, WNV has been isolated by intracerebral inoculation in 3-day old infant mice; inoculation in BHK-21 and Vero cell lines (Balakrishnan et al, 2013;Bondre et al, 2007;Chowdhury et al, 2014).…”

“…Animals and humans act as dead-end host (Paramasivan et al, 2003). In India, WNV infection has been reported from human (Balakrishnan et al, 2013;Chowdhury et al, 2014), animals (Ratho, et al, 1999) and birds (Mishra et al, 2012;Rodrigues et al, 1981). The purpose of this review is to review the status of WNV infection in India, both in human and animal population.…”