West Nile Virus Infection among Animals and Humans in India

Gulati, Baldev R.; Gupta, Ashok Kumar; Kadian, S. K.; Pratap, Ramendra; Panwar, Parmod Kumar; Malik, Yps; Dhama, Kuldeep

doi:10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.4s.17.23

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…For most heavy metals, a variety of clinical syndromes occur at high exposure levels. The health impact of heavy metals at lower exposures is not sufficiently known (89).…”

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cadmium (Cd) can also has detrimental effects on animals and has been studied relatively extensively. Cadmium, a micronutrient, is absorbed by plants and animals and then is usually released back into the system through the excretion of urine and fecal matter (89). When Cd concentrations (animal LD 50 = 225-890 µg/g) in the system build up, it can cause bone defects, myocardial disease, increase blood pressure, and affect DNA repair at the molecular level (99,100).…”

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Negative effects of As on aquatic species can occur with water concentrations anywhere between 19 and 48 µg As/l. Arsenic can be readily absorbed in the body of an organism and can decrease both white and red blood cell formation, and immune function, as well as cause brain damage and other physiological disturbances (89). Toxicity from As has not been reported in muskrats, but low levels of As have been detected in muskrat tissues (0.22 ppm) (Table S1).…”

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Pathogens, Diseases, and Contaminants of Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in North America

et al. 2020

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Over the last 50 years, significant muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) harvest declines have been observed throughout North America. Several theories for the decline have been proposed, including increased parasite infections and disease within muskrat populations. No existing wholistic review of muskrat exposure to pathogens, contaminants, and diseases exists. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a thorough review of existing literature on muskrat pathogens, contaminants, and diseases across their natural range. This review is comprised of 131 articles from 1915 to 2019 and from 27 U.S. states and 9 Canadian provinces. A wide diversity of contaminants, toxins, and pathogens were reported in muskrats, with the most common diseases being cysticercosis, tularemia, Tyzzer's disease, and biotoxin poisoning from cyanobacteria. This review provides a summary of muskrat pathogens, contaminants, and diseases over a century that has observed significant population declines throughout the species' range in North America. Such data provide a baseline for understanding the potential role of disease in these declines. In addition, these data highlight critical knowledge gaps that warrant future research efforts.

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“…For most heavy metals, a variety of clinical syndromes occur at high exposure levels. The health impact of heavy metals at lower exposures is not sufficiently known (89).…”

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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