Characterization of Virgin Avocado Oil Obtained via Advanced Green Techniques

Abstract

The quality characteristics, bioactive phytochemicals, volatile compounds, and antioxidant capacities of virgin avocado oil extracted using a couple of green methods, namely, subcritical CO2 extraction (SCO2) and ultrasound‐assisted aqueous extraction (UAAE), are compared with the oil extracted using the conventional solvent extraction. Results indicate the quality properties of avocado oil are unaffected by extraction methods. The total phenolic content of avocado oil is in the range of 111.27–130.17 mg GAE/100 g and the major phytosterol is β‐sitosterol (1.91–2.47 g kg−1). Avocado oil extracted using SCO2 exhibits two to four times greater levels of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols than solvent extraction and UAAE. The volatile components associated with nutty and grassy flavors are only detected in avocado oil extracted under low‐temperature extraction conditions such as SCO2 and UAAE. Based on the antioxidant capacity tests, avocado oil obtained by SCO2 exhibits the strongest antioxidant capacity compared with solvent extraction and UAAE. Practical Applications: Virgin avocado oil extracted using subcritical CO2 method exhibits superior levels of tocopherols content and antioxidant capacity than ultrasound‐assisted aqueous and conventional solvent methods. Subcritical CO2 is a promising oil extraction technique to obtain solvent‐free avocado oil with potential uses in functional foods and health care products. Virgin avocado oil is extracted using subcritical CO2 and ultrasound‐assisted aqueous techniques. The properties of the oil are compared with conventional solvent‐extracted oil. The percentage of antioxidant activity decreases in the order of SCO2‐extracted oil > solvent‐extracted oil > UAAE‐extracted oil.

Subacute Oral Administration of Clinacanthus nutans Ethanolic Leaf Extract Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in ICR Mice

“…The histopathological lesions observed in this study, including cytoplasmic vacuolation and eosinophilic cytoplasm, although not significant, may suggest that the plant extract at 2000 mg/kg exhibited some degree of degenerative and necrotic effects [50,51] on the liver and kidney of the treated mice. The significant differences in the liver injury markers observed in this study contradicts the earlier reports by Khoo et al [12], where administration of 5000 mg/kg aqueous extract of C. nutans did not cause any significant changes in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP and total bilirubin between the treated and untreated groups of rats; this may perhaps be due to the differences in the extraction solvents, as water has less ability to extracts phytochemicals compared to ethanol [30,52,53].…”

Migration of Avocado Virgin Oil Functional Compounds during Domestic Cooking of Eggplant

“…In raw AVO, values of ABTS antioxidant capacity reached 1.7 mM TE/kg (Table 1). This value coincides with that of AO extracted using ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (1.7 mM TE/kg) but was lower than AO extracted by supercritical CO 2 (4.5 mM TE/kg) and by solvents (2.9 mM TE/kg) [4]. Oil values of lipophilic antioxidant activity in AO have been described as weak, similar to those reported for flaxseed oil extracted with solvents [36,56].…”

“…Although avocado is mainly consumed in its fresh form, the production of avocado oil is a growing industry [2]. Avocado oil is a functional oil extracted from the pulp fruit, is recognized from its chemical properties; as the fatty acid profile with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linolenic) and a small proportion of saturated acids; and the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as phytosterols, tocols, carotenoids and polyphenols [3][4][5][6]. Phytosterols in AO have been measured in higher concentrations than sunflower, palm and virgin olive oils [7].…”

Avocado oil: Production and market demand, bioactive components, implications in health, and tendencies and potential uses

“…Recently, new supplementary technologies have been implemented with the purpose of decreasing the pollution and improving the yield and the quality of the extracted avocado oil. These technologies include ultrasound‐assisted extraction (Martínez‐Padilla et al., 2018; Tan, et al., 2017, 2018a, 2018b, 2018c, 2018d), supercritical fluid extraction (Abaide et al., 2017; Barros et al., 2016; Corzzini et al., 2017; Tan, 2019; Tan et al., 2018a), and pressurized fluids (Abaide et al., 2017). Operational conditions and results regarding these technologies for the extraction of avocado oil are compiled in Table 2.…”