Characterization of skin aging through high‐frequency ultrasound imaging as a technique for evaluating the effectiveness of anti‐aging products and procedures: A review

Abstract

Aging is a multi-factorial and very complex process, involving several deleterious changes that increase the risk of diseases that affect cells and tissues. 1,2 Aging is a gradual process of structural weakening, and its clinical effects begin to appear in the third decade of life lasting for life. 3 In the skin, aging is the result of the exposome, contemplating the combination and interaction of chronological, environmental, genetic, and hormonal factors. [3][4][5] Intrinsic aging, also known as chronological aging, occurs due to human physiological and chronological aging over time and is determined by genetic predisposition and mainly regulated by hormones such as androgens. 1,3 Genetic factors contribute to various biochemical, histological, and physiological changes. 3

Synergistic antiaging and Dermal Restorative Effects of an Oral Bioactive Procollagen and Astaxanthin Supplement with A Topical Retinyl Palmitate, Vitamin C, Hyaluronic Acid and Alpha Hidroxy Acid Based Regimen

“…Different parameters related to ageing were studied by skin ultrasonography, which allowed for the assessment of the skin's morphology. The parameters measured were Sub-Epidermal Low-Echogenic Band (SLEB) thickness, dermis density and skin thickness [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. These measurements were collected using a Dermascan C ultrasound system (Cortex technology, Denmark) with a modified 20 MHz ultrasound probe.…”

“…These sonographic parameters have a direct relationship with age and have been used in prior studies as markers of aging skin (Fig. 1) [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]34].…”

“…The accumulation of glycosaminoglycans at the sub-epidermal level as well as rearrangement of collagen and inflammatory reactions resulting in superficial edema and elastosis have been hypothesized to contribute to this SLEB.26,35 Venous hypertension may also play a role [36]. The thickness of this SLEB has been found to increase with age [24][25][26][27][28][29]34].…”

High‐frequency ultrasound as a scientific tool for skin imaging analysis

“…For technique application, more adequate body regions were the forearms and extremities, such as the hands and fingers 4,9,31,36,41–46 . In particular, the forearm region has been a promising region for the development of studies for cosmetic assessments 47 . This preference for small sites in the forearm region has been identified, especially when assessing the skin thickness parameter 37 …”

High-Frequency Ultrasound Assessment of Skin and Oral Mucosa in Metabolic Syndrome Patients—A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Ultrasound applications in the maxillofacial area include investigation of lymph nodes, salivary glands, and benign and malignant tumors and monitoring of soft tissue healing, inflammation and degenerative processes, and anatomy and physiology of dento-periodontal dynamics [ 10 , 11 ]. HFU finds its applications in the diagnosis of pigmented lesions, autoimmune and degenerative diseases, and benign and malignant tumors [ 12 ], but also in the monitoring and controlling of the aging process [ 13 ], tissue healing, and regenerative processes [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. HFU was previously used in MS patients in assessing vascular structure modification and remodeling processes [ 17 ].…”