Characterization of metformin by‐products under photolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation and chlorination by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Quintão, Frederico Jehár Oliveira; Freitas, Julia Raquel Lino e; Machado, Célia de Fátima; Aquino, Sérgio Francisco de; Silva, Silvana de Queiroz; Afonso, Robson José de Cássia Franco

doi:10.1002/rcm.7724

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is noteworthy to mention that DMG was reported to be a major product of the transformation of the MF during chlorine disinfection of water. 15,18 Some of these products, unfortunately, are hazardous, such as hydroxyacetonitrile (known as glycolonitrile) and NDMA. The latter is a common by-product of many wastewater treatment processes.…”

Section: Gcms Analysis Of Oxy-cracking Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite its popularity, MF cannot be metabolized by the human body and it is estimated that 70% of this drug is excreted in the urine and faeces. [15][16][17] For this reason, considerable amounts (up to 100 ppm) of the drug was detected in WTTPs effluents in many places worldwide. 15,18,19 Recent studies showed that MF was proven to pose ecological risks to aquatic life with concentration levels close to those detected in surface water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A combined experimental and density functional theory study of metformin oxy-cracking for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

2019

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Section: Gcms Analysis Of Oxy-cracking Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A combined experimental and density functional theory study of metformin oxy-cracking for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

2019

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“…For the ozonation experiments, a O 3 solution was prepared by continuously bubbling gaseous ozone, produced by an O 3 generator, in ultrapure water, until the medium was enriched at 9 mg/L of the O 3 . A standard curve ([O 3 ] (mg/L) = 14.59 × Absorbance) for the determination of ozone concentration by UV spectrophotometric (260 nm) was made by the Indigo Carmine method (sodium indigodisulfonate, C 16 H 8 N 2 Na 2 O 8 S 2 ) considering the molar absorptivity of 3290 M −1 cm −1 . The experiments were performed in closed amber flasks, 20 mL capacity, and with the aid of magnetic stirrers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative treatments for atenolol removal in water: Elucidation by mass spectrometry and toxicity evaluation of degradation products

Quaresma

Sousa

Silva

et al. 2019

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale The presence of pharmaceuticals in water is a worldwide concern due to potential damage to human and environmental health. For example, compounds such as the β‐blocker atenolol (ATE), widely used for the treatment of cardiac disease, are detected in drinking water since conventional water treatment plants are not designed to remove them. Thus, the evaluation of ATE removal at different water oxidative treatment processes, identification of its degradation products and evaluation of their toxicity is necessary. Methods Aqueous solutions of ATE (10 mg/L) were submitted to oxidative treatments of chlorination ([NaClO] = 10 mg/L), ozonation ([O3] = 8 mg/L), photocatalysis ([TiO2] = 120 mg/L and UV‐C light) and photolysis (UV‐C light). The removal of ATE and formation of degradation products (DPs) were monitored by mass spectrometry. To assess acute cytotoxicity, DPs were submitted to colorimetric MTT assay using HepG2 cells. The Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) software was applied to estimate the acute and chronic toxicity of identified DPs at different trophic levels. Results Photocatalysis was the treatment that demonstrated greater efficiency, removing 94% of the initial ATE. For the four tested treatments, 12 DPs were confirmed after 30 min. Moreover, some of the identified DPs were unpublished in the literature. Through high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), it was possible to elucidate the structure of the DPs. Solutions of DPs were not considered to be toxic to HepG2 cells. Only the DP with a molecular formula of C13H19NO3 (m/z 238.1438) could be considered detrimental to daphnid and green algae. Conclusions Low rates of organic matter removal and high rates of ATE degradation were obtained in the applied treatments after 30 min. Although the treated solutions were not toxic to HepG2 cells, one of the degradation products can be considered an environmental concern since it presents chronic toxicity to daphnid and green algae.

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“…Figure 3 shows these two pathways for degradation of metformin. Different processes induced the degradation of metformin, i.e., direct photolysis (UVC), photocatalysis (TiO2/UVC), ozonation, and chlorination, in the study of Quintao et al [35]. Subsequently, all of the samples were analyzed by LC/HRMS, by which five products were detected, and the molecular formulae for all of them were proposed.…”

Section: Identification Of Degradation Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Chemical Stability of Two Oral Antidiabetics, Metformin and Repaglinide in the Solid State and Solutions Using LC-UV, LC-MS, and FT-IR Methods

et al. 2019

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Firstly, metformin and repaglinide were degraded under high temperature/humidity, UV/VIS light, in different pH and oxidative conditions. Secondly, a new validated LC-UV method was examined, as to whether it validly determined these drugs in the presence of their degradation products and whether it is suitable for estimating degradation kinetics. Finally, the respective LC-MS method was used to identify the degradation products. In addition, using FT-IR method, the stability of metformin and repaglinide was scrutinized in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), mannitol, magnesium stearate, and lactose. Significant degradation of metformin, following the first order kinetics, was observed in alkaline medium. In the case of repaglinide, the most significant and quickest degradation, following the first order kinetics, was observed in acidic and oxidative media (0.1 M HCl and 3% H2O2). Two new degradation products of metformin and nine new degradation products of repaglinide were detected and identified when the stressed samples were examined by our LC-MS method. What is more, the presence of PVP, mannitol, and magnesium stearate proved to affect the stability of metformin, while repaglinide stability was affected in the presence of PVP and magnesium stearate.

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Characterization of metformin by‐products under photolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation and chlorination by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Cited by 40 publications

References 28 publications

A combined experimental and density functional theory study of metformin oxy-cracking for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

A combined experimental and density functional theory study of metformin oxy-cracking for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

Oxidative treatments for atenolol removal in water: Elucidation by mass spectrometry and toxicity evaluation of degradation products

Determination of Chemical Stability of Two Oral Antidiabetics, Metformin and Repaglinide in the Solid State and Solutions Using LC-UV, LC-MS, and FT-IR Methods

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