Characterization of free volume and density gradients of polystyrene surfaces by low-energy positron lifetime measurements

Algers, John; Suzuki, Ryoichi; Ohdaira, Toshiyuki; Maurer, Frans H.J.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.04.008

Cited by 44 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For most films, the density on the top 5-6 nm was higher than in the bulk of the film. The change in film density through film thickness has been observed before by us 13 and others 14 and is not totally unexpected. When thin films are spin coated and baked, a redistribution of components can occur, causing different crosslink densities throughout the film.…”

supporting

confidence: 79%

Organic Underlayers for EUV Lithography

Guerrero

Beaman

Sakamoto

et al. 2008

J. Photopol. Sci. Technol.

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supporting

confidence: 79%

Organic Underlayers for EUV Lithography

Guerrero

Beaman

Sakamoto

et al. 2008

J. Photopol. Sci. Technol.

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“…It is still a matter of debate whether or not the density of a polymer in an ultra-thin film is different from its density in bulk. polymer density in annealed films thicker than 10 nm is the same as in bulk [33,34], and the density at the interface with air and with a supporting substrate differs from the bulk density over distances of at most a few nanometers [35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Thickness Dependencementioning

confidence: 91%

Solvent retention in thin polymer films studied by gas chromatography

Garcia-Turiel

Jérôme

2007

Colloid Polym Sci

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Thin polystyrene films were produced by spin coating from solutions in toluene. The amount of solvent retained in the films after drying for different times was measured using gas chromatography. Whereas for thicker films (thickness > 200 nm), the relative amount of solvent in the films is less than a few percent, the proportion of toluene increases significantly in thinner films. The thickness dependence of the mass of retained solvent shows that the solvent is mainly retained at the polymer-substrate interface. The solvent desorption rate exhibits no variation on the film thickness.

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“…The direct determination of free volume is difficult. Positron annihilation spectroscopy is the most frequently used technique these days [38], but both the theory behind and the measurement itself are rather complicated. On the other hand, observations related to the physical characteristics of the polymer film used for the study might give information about the effect of additive concentration on free volume and the change in the value of diffusion coefficient with increasing concentration.…”

Section: Considerations Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%