Characterization of cassava starch based foam blended with plant proteins, kraft fiber, and palm oil

A review: Starch-based composite foams

“…Since natural fiber has higher crystallinity and is less hygroscopic than starch, with increasing kraft content, the water solubility index (WSI) of the foams was visibly decreased in the report of Kaisangsri et al [10,77]. Mello and Mali also showed that adding 10 wt% malt bagasse in cassava starch foam trays caused a decrease in their hygroscopicity.…”

“…Later, Mali et al also showed that the addition of PVA (40 wt%) increased the EI and lead to a significant reduction in water adsorption of starch foams [76]. Table 5) [77].…”

“…For baked starch-based foams, natural fibers including soft wood, aspen, jute, flex, eucalypt cellulose, kraft pulp and malt bagasse have been added to improve performances of wheat, corn and tapioca (cassava) foams [2,10,14,23,28,29,30,55,74,77]. A large quantity of fibers studied as fillers are residues from agriculture and agro-industry.…”

“…[7,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]77] Type of fillers added Additives/Nucleating agents (e.g. talc, CaCO3, and salts (NaCl and CaCl2))  Processing time  Aesthetic value  Uniformity of cell structure  Mechanical properties Nucleating agent helps in formation of a larger number of smaller cells in foams and also narrows cell size distribution.…”

Effects of Micronized Fibers on the Cushion Properties of Foam Buffer Package Materials

“…Meanwhile, flexural strength, compressive strength, and other mechanical properties of these buffer materials improved with increased fiber content. Furthermore, they modified fibers using an alkaline treatment to obtain better rheological properties (Ganjyal et al 2004;Kaisangsri and Kerdchoechuen 2014;Liu et al 2014). In order to enhance the stability of foam materials while reducing their density, some researchers combined surfactants with hydrophobic celluloses or paper pulps.…”