Characterization and comparison of materials produced by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) of two different Ti–6Al–4V powder fractions

Karlsson, Joakim; Snis, Anders; Engqvist, Håkan; Lausmaa, Jukka

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.06.010

Cited by 225 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This may suggest that the surface oxide form on the EBM samples were predominately Ti and O. The presence of carbon on both instances were not unusual based on previous literatures [25] and the detection of carbon is mainly a result of adsorption of organic molecules from the environment. A detailed scan of the elements present on the surface of the Ti64 samples were carried out and illustrated in Figure 8a,b, where the Ti 2p and O 1s peak of the EBM-built 20 mm sample were revealed, respectively.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Evaluationsupporting

confidence: 62%

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V Parts: A Comparison Study against As-Cast Form

Toh

Wang

Tan

et al. 2016

Metals

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Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) parts of varying thicknesses were additively manufactured (AM) by the powder-bed-based electron beam melting (EBM) technique. Microstructure and wear properties of these EBM-built Ti-6Al-4V parts have been investigated in comparison with conventionally cast Ti64 samples. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc micro-tribometer under ambient conditions. Experimental results reveal that EBM-built Ti64 samples exhibited higher microhardness and an overall larger coefficient of friction as compared to the as-cast counterpart. Of interest is that the corresponding specific wear volumes were lower for EBM-built Ti64 samples, while the as-cast Ti64 showed the poorest wear resistance despite its lower coefficient of friction. Wear mechanisms were provided in terms of quantitative microstructural characterization and detailed analysis on coefficient of friction (COF) curves.

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Section: Mechanical Properties Evaluationsupporting

confidence: 62%

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V Parts: A Comparison Study against As-Cast Form

Toh

Wang

Tan

et al. 2016

Metals

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“…While finer size of the powder might give better geometry accuracy and surface roughness, it is also easier for finer powders to trigger the unfavourable smoke phenomenon than coarser powder. To compromise, the powder is recommended to have a particle size between 45 and 100 µm according to Arcam's specification [50] with a bimodal size distribution [51] and smaller fraction of 25∼45 µm powder [52]. The perfect spherical morphology without small satellites attached is favoured since it can result in higher flowability, which is important for raking an uniform powder layer.…”

Section: Applying Powder Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Ti-6Al-4V: The vacuum atmosphere in the EBM chamber ensures a clean environment and avoids the contaminations from gases during processing, which is therefore suitable for EBM titanium alloys, in particular Ti-6Al-4V [48,51,52,58,60,69,73]. In addition, since Ti-6Al-4V has superior properties for numerous potential applications, it is the most widely researched material for EBM process.…”

Section: Materials Manufactured With Ebmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 : Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

Deng

2018

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis

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Linköping 2018Cover image: A fracture surface of EBM IN718 after tensile test at room temperature.During the course of research underlying this thesis, Dunyong Deng was enrolled in Agora Materiae, a multidiciplinary doctoral program at Linköping University, Sweden. Printed by LiU-Tryck 2018 © Dunyong Deng AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has gained significant interest in aerospace, energy, automotive and medical industries due to its capabilities of manufacturing components that are either prohibitively costly or impossible to manufacture by conventional processes. Among the various additive manufacturing processes for metallic components, electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM) are two of the most widely used powder bed based processes, and have shown great potential for manufacturing high-end critical components, such as turbine blades and customized medical implants. The futures of the EBM and SLM are doubtlessly promising, but to fully realize their potentials there are still many challenges to overcome.Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel-base superalloy and has impressive combination of good mechanical properties and low cost. Though IN718 is being mostly used as a turbine disk material now, the initial introduction of IN718 was to overcome the poor weldability of superalloys in 1960s, since sluggish precipitation of strengthening phases γ ′ /γ ′′ enables good resistance to strain-age cracking during welding or post weld heat treatment. Given the similarity between AM and welding processes, IN718 has been widely applied to the metallic AM field to facilitate the understandings of process-microstructure-property relationships.The work presented in this licentiate thesis aims to better understand microstructures and mechanical properties EBM and SLM IN718, which have not been systematically investigated. Microstructures of EBM and SLM IN718 have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with the process conditions. Monotonic mechanical properties (e.g., Vickers microhardness and tensile properties) have also been measured and rationalized with regards to the microstructure evolutions before and after heat treatments.For EBM IN718, the results show the microstructure is not homogeneous but dependant on the location in the components, and the anisotropic mechanical properties are probably attributed to alignment of porosities rather than texture.iii Post heat treatment can slightly increase the mechanical strength compared to the as-manufactured condition but does not alter the anisotropy. SLM IN718 shows significantly different microstructure and mechanical properties to EBM IN718. The as-manufactured SLM IN718 has very fine dendritic microstructure and Laves phases in the interdendrites, and is "work-hardened" by the residual strains and dislocations present in the material. Mechanical properties are different between horizontally and vertically built samples, and heat treatment can m...

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“…The hardness of EBAM specimens were higher than that of the cast or wrought specimens, which is probably attributed to finer a/b lamellar microstructures according to Hall-Petch relation [40,41]. Karlsson et al [42] conducted the nanoindentation test of EBAM components with two different Ti-6Al-4V powder sizes (diameters of 45-100 lm and 25-45 lm). The results show that the Young's modules and hardness were not significantly affected by the powder size or the layer thickness within the range of studied process parameters.…”

Section: Other Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing technology

Gong

Anderson

Chou

2014

Manufacturing Review

146

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-This paper presents a thorough literature review of the powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) technology. EBAM, a relatively new additive manufacturing (AM) process, can produce full-density metallic parts directly from the electronic data of the designed part geometry. EBAM has gained broad attentions from different industries such as aerospace and biomedical, with great potential in a variety of applications. The paper first introduces the general aspects of EBAM. The unique characteristics, advantages and challenges of EBAM are then presented. Moreover, the hub of this paper includes extensive discussions of microstructures, mechanical properties, geometric attributes, which impact the application ranges of EBAM parts, with focus on commonly used titanium alloys (in particular, Ti-6Al-4V). In the end, modeling efforts and process metrology of the EBAM process are discussed as well.

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Characterization and comparison of materials produced by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) of two different Ti–6Al–4V powder fractions

Cited by 225 publications

References 28 publications

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V Parts: A Comparison Study against As-Cast Form

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V Parts: A Comparison Study against As-Cast Form

Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 : Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

Review on powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing technology

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