In this review, we first briefly introduce the general knowledge of glass–ceramics, including the discovery and development, the application, the microstructure, and the manufacturing of glass–ceramics. Second, the review presents a detailed description of glass–ceramics in dentistry. In this part, the history, property requirements, and manufacturing techniques of dental glass–ceramics are reviewed. The review provided a brief description of the most prevalent clinically used examples of dental glass–ceramics, namely, mica, leucite, and lithium disilicate glass–ceramics. In addition, we also introduce the newly developed ZrO2–SiO2 nanocrystalline glass–ceramics that show great potential as a new generation of dental glass–ceramics. Traditional strengthening mechanisms of glass–ceramics, including interlocking, ZrO2–reinforced, and thermal residual stress effects, are discussed. Finally, a perspective and outlook for future directions in developing new dental glass–ceramics is provided to offer inspiration to the dental materials community.

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are clinically effective void fillers that are capable of bridging calcified tissue defects and facilitating regeneration. However, CPCs are completely synthetic/inorganic, unlike the calcium phosphate that is found in calcified tissues, and they lack an architectural organization, controlled assembly mechanisms, and have moderate biomechanical strength, which limits their clinical effectiveness. Herein, we describe a new class of bioinspired CPCs that can glue tissues together and bond tissues to metallic and polymeric biomaterials. Surprisingly, alpha tricalcium phosphate cements that are modified with simple phosphorylated amino acid monomers of phosphoserine (PM-CPCs) bond tissues up to 40-fold stronger (2.5–4 MPa) than commercial cyanoacrylates (0.1 MPa), and 100-fold stronger than surgical fibrin glue (0.04 MPa), when cured in wet-field conditions. In addition to adhesion, phosphoserine creates other novel properties in bioceramics, including a nanoscale organic/inorganic composite microstructure, and templating of nanoscale amorphous calcium phosphate nucleation. PM-CPCs are made of the biocompatible precursors calcium, phosphate, and amino acid, and these represent the first amorphous nano-ceramic composites that are stable in liquids.

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