Characterization and Applications of a Bismuth Bulk Electrode

Abstract

A bismuth bulk electrode (BiBE), a new solid-state electrode, is presented. The polycrystalline metal bismuth diskshaped electrode was examined for its anodic stripping voltammetry performance, which was found to be well comparable to that achieved with the bismuth or mercury film electrodes. Useful potential windows of the BiBE in aqueous solutions of pH 1 to 13 were found to range from approximately À 1.7 to À 0.1 V, depending on pH, where either hydrogen evolution or anodic dissolution of metallic bismuth limit the electrochemical inertness of the BiBE. Employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), the cathodic behavior of the BiBE was examined by testing inorganic (cadmium(II) ions) and organic (2-nitrophenol) model compounds; a CV quasi-reversible behavior was recorded in the case of the Cd(II)-Cd(0) couple. The characteristics of the BiBE under anodic conditions, i.e., at bismuth surface coated with a thin conductive Bi 2 O 3 film, was examined by testing two well-established redox systems, potassium hexacyanoferate(III) and ruthenium(III) hexaaminechloride; a nearly reversible behavior was recorded in the latter case. Based on the presented preliminary results, BiBE can be considered as an interesting alternative to common solid and (toxic) mercury electrodes for possible use in electrochemical studies and electroanalytical applications.

Graphene oxide-assisted synthesis of bismuth nanosheets for catalytic stripping voltammetric determination of iron in coastal waters

“…Among the various modified electrodes, the bismuth-based electrodes seem to be the most promising alternatives owing to their lower mercury toxicity, ability to form alloys with metal and considerably sensitive voltammetric detection. To date, a variety of bismuth-based electrodes, such as bismuth film (BiF) electrodes [20], bismuth bulk film electrode [21], polymer modified bismuth electrode [22], Bi nanotube modified electrode [23] and Bi nanoparticle modified electrode [24] have been developed for analysis of metal ions and organic compounds, but most ubiquitous and widely used configuration in stripping analysis is the bismuth film electrode. However, the utilization of bismuth-based electrode for the determination of Fe(III) has attracted only limited attention.…”

Characterization and Application of Bismuth‐Film Modified Graphite‐Polyurethane Composite Electrodes

“…Bismuth bulk electrodes have also been studied and compared with BiFEs [26]. The BiFE can be deposited under in situ or ex situ conditions depending on the target analyte or the aim of the analysis.…”

“…These electrodes have been used for anodic stripping voltammetry [1, 7, 9, 10, 13 -15, 17, 27 -29], adsorptive stripping voltammetry [28, 19 -25], potentiometric stripping analysis [26] as well for cathodic stripping voltammetry [15,27,28]. The positive potential region cannot be used at ex situ deposited bismuth films due to dissolution of the film itself, since the Bi stripping potential is at ca.…”

Voltammetric determination of nitrate in water samples at copper modified bismuth bulk electrode

“…Recently, metallic bismuth as an attractive new electrode material for either electrochemical or electroanalytical use has been reported [32][33][34][35]. Bismuth bulk (BiB) electrode possesses several advantages: besides being a non-toxic metal, it exhibits a relatively high hydrogen overvoltage resulting in wide pH dependent cathodic potential window approaching that of mercury.…”