Characterization and anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by a green approach for bioremediation applications: Introducing a new chemotherapeutic drug for clinical trial studies

Abstract

In recent years, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and bioactive compounds has gained much attention. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is eco‐friendly, cost‐effective, and is a promising substitute for the chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Also, the previous experiments have revealed that plants raise the cytotoxicity potentials of silver nanoparticles against several cell lines especially tumor cell lines. The present study confirms the potential of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L leaf grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Also, in this study, we revealed the antioxidant and anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNPs against J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5 cell lines. Silver nanoparticles were characterized and analyzed using common nanotechnology techniques including UV–Vis. and FT‐IR spectroscopy, TEM, and FE‐SEM. DPPH free radical scavenging test was carried out to assess the antioxidant potentials of AgNO3, G. glabra, and AgNPs. MTT assay was used on normal cell line (HUVEC) and acute T cell leukemia cell lines (J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5) for analyzing of anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNO3, G. glabra, and AgNPs. FT‐IR analysis revealed antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing silver ions to AgNPs. TEM and FE‐SEM images indicated a uniform spherical morphology in size of 20 nm for silver nanoparticles. DPPH test indicated similar antioxidant activities for G. glabra, AgNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Silver nanoparticles had very low cell viability dose‐dependently against J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. The best result of cytotoxicity property of AgNPs against above cell lines was seen in the case of J.CaM1.6 cell line. Above findings confirm the significant antioxidant and anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNPs. After confirming these results in clinical trial studies, AgNPs can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute T cell leukemia in human.

Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) extract and doxorubicin synergistically inhibits proliferation of 4T1 breast cancer in tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice through modulation of apoptosis and increase antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory related pathways

“…In addition, the exposition of mammalian carcinoma cells to hydrogen peroxide enhanced lung metastasis in mice. This fact shows that ROS, via weakening the attachment of tumor cells to the basal lamina or increasing the activity of proteins that regulate cellular motility, can facilitate the distant seeding of metastatic tumor cells (Ahmeda, Zangeneh, & Zangeneh, 2020; Kundu, Zhang, & Fulton, 1995). During early development of tumors, ROS‐induced hypoxia activates signaling pathways which can positively regulate proliferation and angiogenesis.…”

Doxorubicin and Trifolium pratense L. (Red clover) extract synergistically inhibits brain and lung metastases in 4T1 tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice

“…1442125) and dried at room temperature. Finally, after evaporation of alcohol, 30 g of the extract was stored at 4°C (Ahmeda, Zangeneh, & Zangeneh, 2020; Bazm, Khazaei, Ghanbari, & Naseri, 2018; Bazm, Naseri, & Khazaei, 2018).…”

Antineoplastic activity of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles to combat leukemia: Beginning a new era in cancer theragnostic

“…Significantly, no IC50 value was found for silver nitrate (even at concentrations more than 1000 µg/mL) against all of the mentioned cell lines. Additionally, to make sure that the anti-leukemic activity of AgNPs is not attributed to the plant extract that was utilized for fabrication of AgNPs, the authors evaluated the cytotoxicity of the aqueous Glycyrrhiza glabra L leaf extract and reported the IC50 values of 604, 467, 445, and 438 µg/mL against J45.01, Jurkat Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5 cell lines, respectively [84] .…”