Characteristics of the PTC Heater Used in Automotive HVAC Systems

Musat, Radu; Helerea, Elena

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11628-5_51

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Polymeric materials with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR)-a sharp increase in resistance of the material in a narrow temperature range-are sometimes used in electrical engineering to create thermoresistive sensors, strain gauges, flexible conductive materials, flexible antistatic materials, coatings for printing rollers, self-regulating heating devices, etc. [1,2]. The use of PTCR materials, for example, for anti-icing systems of road surfaces and building structures is not possible because of the high cost of the heating device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Conductive Rubber with Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance from Tire Regenerate

Shadrinov

Antoev

2021

Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res.

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The possibility of developing conductive rubber based on tire regenerate and conductive carbon black OMCARB CH85 is shown. The vulcanizing characteristics of the regenerates obtained by thermomechanical devulcanization using a curing group and conductive carbon black were studied. It is shown that, after thermomechanical devulcanization, a re-vulcanization due to preservation of sulfide bonds occurs only in the presence of sulfur and vulcanization accelerators. A flocculation effect was found upon the introduction of OMCARB CH85 into the regenerate. It is shown that tensile strength and Shore A hardness are increased with an increase in the content of conductive carbon black in the regenerate. However, owing to insufficient dispersion, the carbon black admixture exceeding the optimum quantity results in a decrease in maximum relative elongation at break and diminished resistance to abrasion is observed. The study of the volume resistivity showed that the rubbers obtained belong to semiconductor materials. The dependence of resistivity on temperature in the range from 10 to 80°C is plotted. It is shown that the effect of a positive thermal coefficient is observed in all samples. The values of the positive temperature coefficient of resistance in the temperature range of 10-80°C are 0.054-0.285 K -1 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Conductive Rubber with Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance from Tire Regenerate

Shadrinov

Antoev

2021

Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res.

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“…For vehicles with internal combustion engines, the vehicle cooling operation reduces fuel consumption by 20-30%, thereby reducing the mileage by 2%-30%; on the other hand, in the case of heating, fuel consumption is not affected as the waste heat of the engine is used [5][6][7]. However, in the case of an EV in which the waste heat source is relatively small, electrical power consumption caused by electrical heating decreases the mileage by about 30-50% [8][9][10]. Thus, small EVs are currently being designed for urban driving to achieve a target driving distance of 140-160 km per charge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Verification of Use of Vacuum Insulating Material in Electric Vehicle Headliner to Reduce Thermal Load

2019

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In electric vehicles (EVs), the use of high-temperature heat transfer components that effectively block external heat and minimize cooling losses can increase vehicle mileage during heating/cooling operations and improve passenger comfort. In particular, in ensuring high thermal insulation, the car headliner forms an important component for effectively managing environmental heat energy and heating and cooling processes inside the EV. In this study, we have proposed and experimentally verified the use and efficacy of vacuum insulation material in the headliner of EVs to reduce the heat load. The thermal conductivity and air permeability of various conventional insulating and vacuum insulation materials used for the headliner were compared to accurately predict the vacuum insulation material performance. We found that the vacuum insulation material affords reduced surface roughness and thermal conductivity and high formability relative to conventional insulation. We also confirmed consequent improvements in the insulation performance by comparing the characteristics of the proposed vacuum-insulation-material headliner (relative to conventional materials) via prototyping and reliability testing. With the “improved” headliner, in summer, the temperature of the automobile cabin was lowered by 2.8 °C, and the cabin temperature was lowered by 3.9 °C during the cooling period relative to conventional insulators, which proves that the cabin temperature can be maintained at a low value during summer parking or cooling. In winter, the cabin temperature was found to be 7.7 °C higher than that obtained with the conventional insulator, which indicates that the cabin temperature can be maintained higher via reduction in the heat loss (because of using vacuum insulation) under the same heating energy conditions during winter.

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“…Automotive PTC heaters have been studied as auxiliary heating equipment to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines and to supplement heat sources by reducing the radiant heat, and these PTC heaters have a heating performance below 1 kW [10][11][12]. However, as they became the main heating equipment in electric cars and their degree of importance was elevated, the need for PTC heaters with a heating capacity of 5 kW or more has arisen, and recently their voltage has increased to over 330 V as the voltage specifications of electric car batteries have increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle

Park

Kim

2017

Energies

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High-voltage positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heaters have a high heating capacity and are fast acting; thus, they function as the actual main heating equipment in electric cars, and considerable research is devoted to improving their heating performance and efficiency. We evaluated the heating performance of a high-voltage PTC heater for an electric car by building a closed-loop-type test system including an air channel, environment chamber, DC power supply, and data acquisition system, and designed an initial prototype with general characteristics. Using this test system, we analyzed the heating performance characteristics of the heater as a function of changes in the blower airflow, ambient temperature, and battery voltage. We changed the geometrical variables of the heater and conducted an analysis to improve the heating performance and output density of the initial prototype. Based on the heating performance of the initial prototype and its geometrical variables, we designed an improved prototype and compared its heating performance and output density with that of the initial prototype. As a result, we achieved a heating capacity of 5.52 kW, a pressure drop of 48.2 Pa, and an efficiency of 98%, whereas the output density was 3.45 kW/kg, which is a 24% improvement over the initial prototype.

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Characteristics of the PTC Heater Used in Automotive HVAC Systems

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Electrically Conductive Rubber with Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance from Tire Regenerate

Electrically Conductive Rubber with Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance from Tire Regenerate

Experimental Verification of Use of Vacuum Insulating Material in Electric Vehicle Headliner to Reduce Thermal Load

Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle

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