Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle

Park, Myeong Hyeon; Kim, Sung Chul

doi:10.3390/en10101494

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The consumption of low-power positioning HVAC actuators, such as EXV stepper motor or cabin air distribution flaps is not modelled, and thus not included in COP calculation. Note that the power consumption of the powertrain coolant loop pump P p1 is constant for the constant pump speed (Section 2), and as such it is not included in Equation (3).…”

Section: Cost Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early BEVs, such as the first-generation Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model S use positive thermal coefficient (PTC) heater elements to achieve resistive heating of the cabin air. However, the coefficient of performance of PTC heaters is 1 at maximum [3]. This leads to high energy consumption of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and since the HVAC system is the highest energy consumer of all BEV auxiliary systems, this can greatly impact the BEV driving range [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems

2020

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The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system negatively affects the electric vehicle (EV) driving range, especially under cold ambient conditions. Modern HVAC systems based on the vapour-compression cycle can be rearranged to operate in the heat pump mode to improve the overall system efficiency compared to conventional electrical/resistive heaters. Since such an HVAC system is typically equipped with multiple actuators (compressor, pumps, fans, valves), with the majority of them being controlled in open loop, an optimisation-based control input allocation is necessary to achieve the highest efficiency. This paper presents a genetic algorithm optimisation-based HVAC control input allocation method, which utilises a multi-physical HVAC system model implemented in Dymola/Modelica. The considered control inputs include the cabin inlet air temperature reference, blower and radiator fan air mass flows and secondary coolant loop pumps’ speeds. The optimal allocation is subject to specified, target cabin air temperatures and heating power. Additional constraints include actuator hardware limits and safety functions, such as maintaining the superheat temperature at its reference level. The optimisation objective is to maximise the system efficiency defined by the coefficient of performance (COP). The optimised allocation maps are fitted by proper mathematical functions to facilitate the control strategy implementation and calibration. The overall control strategy consists of superimposed cabin air temperature controller that commands heating power, control input allocation functions, and low-level controllers that ensure cabin inlet air and superheat temperature regulation. The control system performance is verified through Dymola simulations for the heat pump mode in a heat-up scenario. Control input allocation map optimisation results are presented for air-conditioning (A/C) mode, as well.

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Section: Cost Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems

2020

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“…Differently from conventional ICE vehicles, in which the A/C compressor is driven as an engine accessory and wasted heat can be recovered for cabin conditioning, the energy consumption from the heating, venting, and conditioning (HVAC) system highly influences BEV driving range. This is particularly valid in low-temperature environments for BEVs using high-voltage positive thermal coefficient (HV-PTC) resistive heaters (5 kW or more) [12]. Since the coefficient of performance of HV-PTC heaters can have at most a value of 1, this can lead to the huge power demand for the HVAC system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Energy Consumption and Driving Range of the QUIET Project Demonstrator Vehicle

et al. 2022

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This article summarises the experimental testing campaign performed at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) on the demonstrator battery electric vehicle (BEV) of the European Union Horizon 2020 research project QUIET. The project, launched in October 2017, aimed at developing an improved and energy-efficient electric vehicle with increased driving range under real-world driving conditions, focusing on three areas: improved energy management, lightweight materials with enhanced thermal insulation properties, and improved safety and comfort. A heating, venting, and air conditioning (HVAC) system based on the refrigerant R290 (propane), a phase change material (PCM) thermal storage system, infrared heating panels in the near field of the passengers, lightweight materials for seat internal structures, and composite vehicle doors with a novel atomically precise manufacturing (APM) aluminium foam are all the breakthrough technologies installed on the QUIET demonstrator vehicle. All these innovative technologies allow the energetic request for cooling and heating the cabin of the demonstrator vehicle under different driving conditions and the weight of the vehicle components (e.g., doors, windshields, seats, heating, and air conditioning) to be reduced by about 28%, leading to an approximately 26% driving range increase under both hot (40 °C) and cold (−10 °C) weather conditions.

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“…On the basis of this analysis, a guideline on weight reduction design, which satisfied reference performance factors, was proposed. Figure 2 shows a geometric model of an electric heater including the plate fins and heat rods which were adopted in this study [17]. Different spaces between heat rods were applied by changing the number of heat rods used in the electric heater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In each heat core, heat rods were inserted at regular intervals into 112 fin layers. Comprising a repeating shape of fins and heat rods, the electric heater model required a considerable number of meshes, which demanded a significant period of time for the convergence Figure 2 shows a geometric model of an electric heater including the plate fins and heat rods which were adopted in this study [17]. Different spaces between heat rods were applied by changing the number of heat rods used in the electric heater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Numerical Study on the Light-Weight Design of PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle Heating System

2018

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As the market for electric vehicles grows at a remarkable rate, various models of electric vehicles are currently in development, in parallel to the commercialization of components for diverse types of power supply. Cabin heating and heat management components are essential to electric vehicles. Any design for such components must consider the requirements for heating capacity and power density, which need to reflect both the power source and weight reduction demand of any electric vehicle. In particular, design developments in electric heaters have predominantly focused on experimental values because of structural characteristics of the heater and the variability of heat sources, requiring considerable cost and duration. To meet the ever-changing demands of the market, an improved design process for more efficient models is essential. To improve the efficacy of the design process for electric heaters, this study conducted a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of an electric heater with specific dimensions by changing design parameters and operating conditions of key components. The CFD analysis modeled heat characteristics through the application of user-defined functions (UDFs) to reflect temperature properties of Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) elements, which heat an electric heater. Three analysis models, which included fin as well as PTC elements and applied different spaces between the heat rods, were compared in terms of heating performance. In addition, the heat performance and heat output density of each analysis model was analyzed according to the variation of air flow at the inlet of the radiation section of an electric heater. Model B was selected, and a prototype was fabricated based on the model. The performance of the prototype was evaluated, and the correlation between the analysis results and the experimental ones was identified. The error rate between performance change rates was approximately 4%, which indicated that the reliability between the design model and the prototype was attained. Consequently, the design range of effective performance and the guideline for lightweight design could be presented based on the simulation of electric heaters for various electric vehicles. The fabrication of prototypes and minimum comparison demonstrated opportunities to reduce both development cost and duration.

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Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle

Cited by 24 publications

References 15 publications

Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems

Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems

Assessing the Energy Consumption and Driving Range of the QUIET Project Demonstrator Vehicle

A Numerical Study on the Light-Weight Design of PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle Heating System

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