Characteristics of solar X-ray flares and their effects on the ionosphere and human exploration to Mars: MGS radio science observations

Thirupathaiah, P.; Shah, Siddhi Y.; Haider, S. A.

doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.04.015

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…O and electron densities, especially below the main peak of the ionosphere (Fallows et al, 2015;Lollo et al, 2012;Mendillo et al, 2006;Thirupathaiah et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2018). The increased densities below the main peak could potentially lead to ionogram features similar to those we identified as the transient layer.…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

“…One of these regions, AR 12192, produced multiple X‐class flares directed toward Mars as shown in Figure 5 (Fang et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2018). It is known that solar flares increase the X‐ray and extreme ultraviolet photon flux, which leads to increased

{normalO}_{2}^{+}

and electron densities, especially below the main peak of the ionosphere (Fallows et al., 2015; Lollo et al., 2012; Mendillo et al., 2006; Thirupathaiah et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2018). The increased densities below the main peak could potentially lead to ionogram features similar to those we identified as the transient layer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prolonged Lifetime of the Transient Ionized Layer in the Martian Atmosphere Caused by Comet Siding Spring

et al. 2020

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A1) flew close to Mars, passing within 40 Mars radii along a highly inclined orbital path. The event presented a rare opportunity to understand how cometary material is deposited and subsequently distributed in the Martian upper atmosphere, and to test models of atmospheric metal ion chemistry. During the close flyby, 82 (±25) tons of cometary material was deposited into the upper atmosphere of Mars with an approach velocity of 56 km s −1 (Crismani et al., 2018). Upon entry, the ablated material deposited an abundance of metallic species such as Mg, Na, and Fe into the upper atmosphere (Benna et al., 2015; Crismani et al., 2018; Schneider et al., 2015). The material formed a transient ionized layer with a peak altitude near 115 km that was detected by instruments on multiple spacecraft. This layer, composed primarily of Mg + ions, was produced by the ionization of ablated material through collisions, photoionization, and charge exchange with existing ionospheric ions (

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supporting

confidence: 56%

{normalO}_{2}^{+}

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Lifetime of the Transient Ionized Layer in the Martian Atmosphere Caused by Comet Siding Spring

et al. 2020

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“…Based on MAVEN observations reported heating of the upper atmosphere of Mars due to X-8.2 class flare on September 10, 2017. Recently Thirupathaiah et al (2019) have studied the characteristics of all the flare effected electron density profiles (i.e. variations of electron density with respect to X-ray flux, SZA, solar longitude and latitude) obtained from radio occultation instrument onboard MGS during the period 24 December 1998 to 9 June 2005.…”

Section: Effects Of Cme and Magnetic Storms On Marsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…U(E, E o ), U (E, Z, E o ) and U (E, r, Z, E o ) are developed to study the electron energy degradation processes in planetary atmospheres. The two dimensional yield spectrum U (E, E o ) is used where the magnetic field is uniform and horizontal in direction (Haider and Singhal 1983;Bhardwaj et al 1990;Haider et al 2006Haider et al , 2010Haider and Mahajan 2014;Thirupathaiah et al 2019). In this case, the electrons lose their energy at the location where they are produced and the vertical transport of the electrons is inhibited.…”

Section: Ays Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations and Modeling of Martian Auroras

et al. 2022

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Observations of planetary auroras form a new area of planetary exploration from space, especially for nonmagnetic planets since various kinds of auroras like Discrete, Proton and Diffuse auroras have been observed at Mars. We review the latest results of Martian auroras obtained by the instruments (1) SPICAM (Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars) aboard Mars Express (MEX) and ( 2) IUVS (the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph) on MAVEN (the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission). The MARSIS instrument (the Mars Advanced Radar for the Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding) on MEX, in addition, exhibited strong ionizations in some electron density profiles, thus providing further evidence for the existence of Martian auroras. We review these MARSIS observations as well. In addition, we review various models of Martian auroras.

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“…These flares can produce X-rays up to 10% of the sun's total brightness. While these can vary, an expected radiation dose is roughly 0.05 Gray due to the very short time of the burst of emission (Thirupathaiah et al, 2019), not enough to be imminently lethal on its own.…”

Section: Ian Whittakermentioning

confidence: 99%

Book Review: How to live in space by Colin Stuart

Doyle

2020

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Characteristics of solar X-ray flares and their effects on the ionosphere and human exploration to Mars: MGS radio science observations

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Prolonged Lifetime of the Transient Ionized Layer in the Martian Atmosphere Caused by Comet Siding Spring

Prolonged Lifetime of the Transient Ionized Layer in the Martian Atmosphere Caused by Comet Siding Spring

Observations and Modeling of Martian Auroras

Book Review: How to live in space by Colin Stuart

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