Characterisation of sago pith waste and its composites

Lai, Jau Choy; Rahman, Wan Aizan Wan Abdul; Toh, Wen Yee

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.046

Cited by 47 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Sago starch granules were entrapped within lignocellulosic fiber matrix of sago pith . This fact shows that the enzymatic pretreatment using cellulase has been necessary to extraction of sago starch.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the extraction yield and physicochemical properties of sago starch

et al. 2015

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The aim of this research was to investigate the extraction yield and physicochemical properties of sago starch extracted after enzymatic pretreatment. Sago pith was enzymatic-pretreated by varying enzyme (cellulase enzyme complex) concentration, pretreatment time, and sago pith slurry concentration. The extracted sago starch was analyzed for its properties, e.g., extraction yield, pasting and thermal properties, and in vitro starch digestibility. Sago pith contained 82% (db) starch. The extraction yield and reducing sugar released increased with enzyme concentration and pretreatment time. The optimum enzymatic pretreatment conditions were 10% (w/w) sago pith slurry, enzyme concentration of 0.25 mL (618 carboxymethylcellulose unit and 139 p-nitrophenyl-b-D-glucopyranoside unit)/g substrate, and 24 h pretreatment time, providing the highest extraction yield of 71.36% (w/w sago pith, db), while control method, without enzymatic pretreatment, provided 61.01% extraction yield. Results from pasting and thermal properties confirmed that the granular stability, resistance to shear, and crystalline perfection of sago starch were improved due to hydrothermal effect of annealing during enzymatic pretreatment. The enzymatic-pretreated sago starch also had lower retrogradation but higher starch digestibility than the control sago starch. The enzymatic pretreatment enhanced the extraction yield of sago starch and also improved its quality by the effect of annealing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…B). Lai et al reported that sago pith waste obtained from the sago starch extraction process contained 62% starch content (db), in which the starch granules still embedded in the fibrous residue. It was implied that the conventional extraction process could not be effective to extract all of starch granules from the fibrous materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the extraction yield and physicochemical properties of sago starch

et al. 2015

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“…The profiles also expressed the mixture of starch and fiber crystalline fractions. Typical diffraction angle for starch can be detected on 2Θ 15.1, 17.2, 17.8, and 23.4°; Lai et al (2013) also reported diffraction angle of 22.5 ° for fiber.…”

Section: Slow Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Hampas also contains high amounts of cellulose (11%), hemicellulose (7.6%), and lignin (12%) (Utami et al 2014); Abd-Aziz (Lingga et al 2012), a source for biohydrogen production (Jenol et al 2014), and a composite material for biofoam production (Lai et al 2013;Utami et al 2014;Rao and Kumar 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid Modification of Sago Hampas for Industrial Purposes

2018

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Sago pith and sago hampas mainly consist of starch and fiber. In this research, acid modification of starch and fiber was conducted by high-temperature (autoclaving) and microwave-assisted treatments and slow or mild acid hydrolysis. Autoclaving and microwave-assisted treatments influenced the gelatinization and solubilization of starch granules to produce depolymerized starch and changed the fiber structure to become more amorphous forms. Heating in dilute acid produced high soluble total sugars with high dextrose equivalent, but the process also released hydroxymethylfurfural as undesired by-products. Slow or mild acid hydrolysis attacked the amorphous regions of starch and fiber. It did not change the starch and fiber crystallinity pattern but increased the degree of crystallinity. Acid modification techniques for sago starch and its fiber can be used for producing certain products such as starch sugar, fermentable sugars, and filler for biofoam production.

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“…Data from the Malaysian Department of Statistics reveal that the country produced approximately 52,000 tons of sago starch in 2011. Nearly the same amount of sago waste was dumped in nearby rivers [7], thereby causing serious environmental problems such as water pollution. The high demand for biological oxygen (approximately 5820 mg/L) and chemical oxygen (approximately 10,220 mg/L) [1] in wastewater affects the marine life and water quality via microbiological degradation and by consuming the dissolved oxygen in the water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of a Fluidized Bed Dryer for the Drying of Sago Waste

et al. 2018

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The large amount of sago waste produced by sago processing industries can cause serious environmental problems. When dried, these residues usually have a high starch content (around 58%) and have many potential applications. In this study, the drying of sago waste using a fluidized bed dryer (FBD), which offers more advantages than other drying methods, is analyzed via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. A two-dimensional (2D) FBD model is also developed and a mesh independency test is conducted immediately afterwards. A fine mesh is selected for the CFD model and a simulation is conducted using ANSYS Fluent 17.1 software (Ansys Inc., version 17.1, Canonsburg, PA, USA). The governing and discretized algebraic equations are solved by applying the phase-coupled semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations. Both the Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model approach and the turbulence model are applied in the simulation due to the turbulent flow in the dryer. A velocity of 1.30 m/s and temperature of 50 • C are selected as boundary conditions based on the optimum parameter values from previous experiments. The final moisture content that we aim to achieve is 10% or a moisture ratio of 0.25 in sago waste for the purpose of animal feed, so as to prevent bacterial growth and for packaging purposes based on common industrial practice. Both the drying rate and fluidization profile are examined at air velocities of 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 1.8, and 2.2 m/s. Based on the results, the velocity range of 1.0 m/s to 2.2 m/s is deemed suitable for the fluidization and drying of sago waste with a particle size of 2000 µm for a drying simulation of 1 h. The drying rate is further examined at air temperatures of 50 • C, 60 • C, 70 • C, and 80 • C, whereas the fluidization profile is examined at particle sizes of 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 µm. The results reveal excellent fluidization at a particle size range of 500 µm to 2000 µm and a velocity of 1.3 m/s. Energies 2018, 11, 2383 2 of 13 9.2% hemicellulose, and 4% lignin [3] and have many potential functions, such as in the manufacturing of textile printing materials [4]. Several studies have investigated other usages of sago waste, including their adsorption of lead and copper [5] as well as their use in the production of bioethanol [6].Sago waste is usually mixed with wastewater and either discharged into streams or deposited in factory compounds. Each tone of extracted sago starch produces and dumps approximately one tone of sago waste into the nearby rivers. Data from the Malaysian Department of Statistics reveal that the country produced approximately 52,000 tons of sago starch in 2011. Nearly the same amount of sago waste was dumped in nearby rivers [7], thereby causing serious environmental problems such as water pollution. The high demand for biological oxygen (approximately 5820 mg/L) and chemical oxygen (approximately 10,220 mg/L) [1] in wastewater affects the marine life and water quality via microbiological degradation and by consuming the dissolved oxygen in the water. Som...

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Characterisation of sago pith waste and its composites

Cited by 47 publications

References 41 publications

Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the extraction yield and physicochemical properties of sago starch

Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the extraction yield and physicochemical properties of sago starch

Acid Modification of Sago Hampas for Industrial Purposes

Simulation of a Fluidized Bed Dryer for the Drying of Sago Waste

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