Characterisation, biodegradability and application of palm fibre-reinforced polyhydroxyalkanoate composites

Polylactic acid and high‐density polyethylene blend: Characterization and application in additive manufacturing

“…The average UTS of 65 MPa achieved for aged PLA blend system is the highest among the scarce literature reported on blends of FDM. [6,30,37,56,59] Average tensile strain in Figure 6 also confirms the superiority of PLA/HDPE/PE-g-MAH. The low average tensile strain of aged PLA at most of the printing temperatures (161, 167, and 179 C) as compared with the nonaged PLA and the blends (aged and nonaged) shows higher instability against higher temperatures.…”

“…The biodegradation was assessed by measuring the degradation of material in real soil following the techniques proposed in literature. [55,56] The samples were buried near one of the car parks of Massey University, New Zealand ( Figure 3). The geographic coordinates of the burial location are: longitude −36 43 0 33 00 latitude 174 41 0 41 00 .…”

“…The films were printed with the following dimensions: 40 mm × 20 mm × 0.5 mm. [56] For the dog-bone samples of 4 mm thickness, we retained the size (ASTM D638 Type IV) used for the nonaged and aged samples in order to have uniformity for comparative analysis.…”

“…One of the well-known tests for water absorption is the percentage mass gain due to water absorbed in the samples designed specifically for voidless or uniform membranes that have characteristics of resisting water seepage. [56] The amorphous FDM structure consists of voids which act as permeable channels for water absorption that later cause structural erosion. The resultant erosion due to trapped moisture in voids, is a constant source of degradation that considerably decreases the strength.…”

“…The following relationship is used to calculate the percentage increase in mass due to water absorption (%m G ). [56]…”