“…For downstream processing (harvest, concentration, and purification of product) or for analytical assays during the process, additional pretreatment of the raw material is needed to avoid unfavorable side effects. [93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102] Most bioprocesses for the production of chemicals are based on pure cultures, e.g., antibiotics production. Because contamination would prevent proper functioning of the process, it must be carried out under aseptic conditions; exceptions are sewage treatment or the production of single-cell protein or ethanol from sulfite liquor.…”