A novel mechanistic model for the growth of baker's yeast on glucoseis presented. It is based on the fact that glucose degradation proceeds via two pathways under conditions of aerobic ethanol formation. Part is metabolized oxidatively and part reductively, with ethanol being the end product of reductive energy metabolism. The corresponding metabolic state is designated oxidoreductive. Ethanol can be used oxidatively only. Maximum rates of oxidative glucose and ethanol degradation are governed by the respiratory capacity of the cells. The model is formulated by using the stoichiometric growth equations for pure oxidative and reductive (fermentative) glucose and ethanol metabolism. Together with the experimentally determinable yield coefficients (Y(X/S)) for the respective metabolic pathways, the resulting equation system is sufficiently determined. The superiority of the presented model over hitherto published ones is based on two essential novelities. (1) The model was developed on experimentally easily accessible parameters only. (2) For the modeling of aerobic ethanol formation, the substrate flow was split into two simultaneously operating (i.e., in parallel) metabolic pathways that exhibit different but constant energy-generating efficiencies (respiration and fermentation) and consequently different and constant biomass yields (Y(X/S)). The model allows the prediction of experimental data without parameter adaption in a biologically dubious manner.
The bioconversion of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) to 2-phenylethanol (PEA) by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is limited by the toxicity of the product. PEA extraction by a separate organic phase in the fermenter is the ideal in situ product recovery (ISPR) technique to enhance productivity. Oleic acid was chosen as organic phase for two-phase fed-batch cultures, although it interfered to some extent with yeast viability. There was a synergistic inhibitory impact toward S. cerevisiae in the presence of PEA, and therefore a maximal PEA concentration in the aqueous phase of only 2.1 g/L was achieved, compared to 3.8 g/L for a normal fed-batch culture. However, the overall PEA concentration in the fermenter was increased to 12.6 g/L, because the PEA concentration in the oleic phase attained a value of 24 g/L. Thus, an average volumetric PEA production rate of 0.26 g L(-1) h(-1) and a maximal volumetric PEA production rate of 0.47 g L(-1) h(-1) were achieved in the two-phase fed-batch culture. As ethanol inhibition had to be avoided, the production rates were limited by the intrinsic oxidative capacity of S. cerevisiae. In addition, the high viscosity of the two-phase system lowered the k(l)a, and therefore also the productivity. Thus, if a specific ISPR technique is planned, it consequently has to be remembered that the productivity of this bioconversion process is also quickly limited by the k(l)a of the fermenter at high cell densities.
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