Changing health inequalities in Germany from 1994 to 2008 between employed and unemployed adults

Kroll, Lars Eric; Lampert, Thomas

doi:10.1007/s00038-011-0233-0

Cited by 30 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…random effects models), which use both variation between and within subjects, fixed effects models exploit only variation within subjects. As a result, the estimates are not susceptible to bias due to omitted time-constant variables (Kroll and Lampert 2011;Wooldridge 2010). This is a major advantage, because it means that all time-constant characteristics are controlled for.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The negative health consequences of unemployment have been documented extensively (Bartley et al 2006;Kroll and Lampert 2011;Thomas et al 2005). Moreover, as lifetime unemployment is significantly more prevalent in lower social strata (Chan and Goldthorpe 2007), it may constitute an important mechanism in the genesis of social inequalities in health (Umberson et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, it is necessary to investigate the effects of unemployment not only on smoking probability but also more precisely on take-up, quitting, relapsing and smoking intensity so as to specify the behavioural consequences of unemployment. Fourth, the availability of longitudinal data calls for the application of statistical methods which take full advantage of the data (Kroll and Lampert 2011;Wooldridge 2010). In our view, here, fixed effects logistic regressions constitute an analytically powerful instrument to do so, which, to our knowledge, have not yet been implemented in the analysis of the relation between unemployment and smoking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No causal effect of unemployment on smoking? A German panel study

Schunck

Rogge

2012

Int J Public Health

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Objectives This study analyses the effects of different unemployment durations on smoking behaviour in Germany by investigating smoking take-up, relapse, quitting and smoking intensity. Methods Longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from the years 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 were used to examine the effect of unemployment (52,940 observations from 17,028 respondents, aged 17-65 years). Unemployment duration was measured at 1-6, 7-12, 13-24, and 24+ months. Effects were estimated using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions and fixed effects logistic panel regressions. Results The zero-inflated negative binomial regression models suggest that the likelihood of smoking increases with unemployment, while smoking intensity is not affected. However, fixed effects logistic regression models demonstrate that unemployment is neither a significant predictor for taking up smoking, relapsing, nor quitting. Conclusions The results indicate that in Germany, there is no direct causal effect of unemployment on smoking behaviour. The observed relationship between smoking and unemployment appears to be driven by stable, unobserved differences between employed and unemployed respondents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No causal effect of unemployment on smoking? A German panel study

Schunck

Rogge

2012

Int J Public Health

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“…"dditionally, underlying study design, used exposure assessment and considered statistical models are discussed as sources that may bias the results [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unemployment and Causes of Hospital Admission Considering Different Analytical Approaches

Berg‐Beckhoff¹,

Gulis²,

Bak³

et al. 2016

An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues

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The association between unemployment and hospital admission is known, but the causal relationship is still under discussion. The aim of the present analysis is to compare results of a cross-sectional and a cohort approach considering overall hospital admission and hospital admission due to cancer and circulatory disease. Register-based data were analysed for the period of 200 2009. In the cross-sectional analysis, a multiple logistic regression model was conducted based on the year 200 , and cohort information from the same year onward up to 2009 was available for a Cox regression model. Social welfare compensated unemployment and both types of disease-speciic hospital admission were associated to be statistically signiicant in the cross-sectional analysis. With regard to circulatory disease, the cohort approach suggests that social welfare compensated unemployment might lead to hospital admission due to the disease. Given the signiicant results in the cross-sectional analysis for hospital admission due to cancer, the unfound cohort efect might indicate a reverse causation suggesting that the disease caused joblessness, and inally social welfare compensated unemployment and not vice versa. Comparing diferent study designs allows for a beter causal interpretation, which should be recommended in future quantitative social welfare analysis.

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“…While health consequences of unemployment are well documented (Bartley, Ferrie and Montgomery 2006;Burgard, Brand and House 2007;Hammarstrom and Janlert 2005;Kroll and Lampert 2011;Thomas, Benzeval and Stansfeld 2005), the relationship between health-related behaviours and unemployment remains under-researched.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unemployment and Smoking: Causation, Selection, or Common Cause? - Evidence from Longitudinal Data

Schunck

Rogge²

2012

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW BerlinThis series presents research findings based either directly on data from the German SocioEconomic Panel Study (SOEP) or using SOEP data as part of an internationally comparable data set (e.g. CNEF, ECHP, LIS, LWS, CHER/PACO). SOEP is a truly multidisciplinary household panel study covering a wide range of social and behavioral sciences: economics, sociology, psychology, survey methodology, econometrics and applied statistics, educational science, political science, public health, behavioral genetics, demography, geography, and sport science.The decision to publish a submission in SOEPpapers is made by a board of editors chosen by the DIW Berlin to represent the wide range of disciplines covered by SOEP. There is no external referee process and papers are either accepted or rejected without revision. Papers appear in this series as works in progress and may also appear elsewhere. They often represent preliminary studies and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be requested from the author directly.Any opinions expressed in this series are those of the author(s) and not those of DIW Berlin.Research disseminated by DIW Berlin may include views on public policy issues, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. ABSTRACTBackground: This study investigates possible mechanisms that can explain the association between unemployment and smoking, that is a) unemployment increases smoking probability (causation), b) smoking increases the probability to become unemployed (selection), and c) differences in both smoking and unemployment probabilities trace back to differences in socio-economic position (common cause). Methods: Longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) from the years 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 were used to examine the effect of unemployment on smoking probability and vice versa (65,823 observations from 18,735 respondents, aged 18-60 years). Effects were estimated by using random and fixed effects logistic panel regressions. Results:Results from the random effects logistic regression models suggest that unemployed have a higher probability to smoke and that smokers have a higher probability to become unemployed. However, the fixed effects models indicate that the observed associations are driven by unobse...

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Changing health inequalities in Germany from 1994 to 2008 between employed and unemployed adults

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

No causal effect of unemployment on smoking? A German panel study

No causal effect of unemployment on smoking? A German panel study

Unemployment and Causes of Hospital Admission Considering Different Analytical Approaches

Unemployment and Smoking: Causation, Selection, or Common Cause? - Evidence from Longitudinal Data

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