No causal effect of unemployment on smoking? A German panel study

Schunck, Reinhard; Rogge, Benedikt G.

doi:10.1007/s00038-012-0406-5

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…7 in the appendix). Moreover, a comparison of smoking prevalence among unemployed and employed East Germans for the year 1998 reveals that the unemployed were not more likely to smoke than the employed (Robert Koch Institute 2000), and a German panel study covering the years 1998–2008 found no direct causal effect of unemployment on smoking (Schunck and Rogge 2012). This unclear relationship may be due to conflicting reactions to a weak employment market.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The German East-West Mortality Difference: Two Crossovers Driven by Smoking

et al. 2017

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Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, mortality was considerably higher in the former East Germany than in West Germany. The gap narrowed rapidly after German reunification. The convergence was particularly strong for women, to the point that Eastern women aged 50–69 now have lower mortality despite lower incomes and worse overall living conditions. Prior research has shown that lower smoking rates among East German female cohorts born in the 1940s and 1950s were a major contributor to this crossover. However, after 1990, smoking behavior changed dramatically, with higher smoking intensity observed among women in the eastern part of Germany. We forecast the impact of this changing smoking behavior on East-West mortality differences and find that the higher smoking rates among younger East German cohorts will reverse their contemporary mortality advantage. Mortality forecasting methods that do not account for smoking would, perhaps misleadingly, forecast a growing mortality advantage for East German women. Experience from other countries shows that smoking can be effectively reduced by strict anti-smoking policies. Instead, East Germany is becoming an example warning of the consequences of weakening anti-smoking policies and changing behavioral norms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The German East-West Mortality Difference: Two Crossovers Driven by Smoking

et al. 2017

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“…New samples are added to the SOEP data at regular intervals to replenish the sample and ensure continuing representativeness of the population in Germany [ 29 , 30 ]. Since the SOEP covers a wide range of topics, including self-reported health behaviour—such as smoking beginning in 1998—it is widely used to study health related outcomes [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. We used the SOEP data set version 29 which includes data until the year 2012.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany—Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory

Reiß

Schunck

Razum

2015

IJERPH

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Background: We analyzed changes in smoking by length of stay among immigrants in Germany and related them to the “smoking epidemic” model and the acculturation theory. Methods: We used data from a longitudinal survey (German Socio-economic Panel). Immigrants were identified by country of birth (Turkey: respondents n = 828, observations n = 3871; Eastern Europe: respondents n = 2009, observations n = 7202; non-immigrants: respondents n = 34,011, observations n = 140,701). Smoking status data was available for nine years between 1998 and 2012. Length of stay (LOS, in years) was used as proxy for acculturation. We calculated smoking prevalences, prevalence ratios and a random intercept multilevel logistic regression model. Results: With each year spent in Germany, smoking prevalence increases among Turkish women (OR = 1.14 (95%CI = 1.06–1.21)) and slightly decreases among men. Recently immigrated Turkish women smoke less than non-immigrant women (0–5 years: SPR = 0.25 (95%CI = 0.10–0.57)); prevalences converge with increasing LOS (31+ years: SPR = 1.25 (95%CI = 1.06–1.48)). Among Eastern European immigrants no significant changes were apparent. Conclusions: Immigrants from Turkey “import” their smoking prevalence from a country which is in the earlier stages of the “smoking epidemic”. With increasing LOS (thus, advancing acculturation), they “move” to the later stages. Anti-smoking interventions should consider different smoking attitudes in Turkey/Germany and need to discourage women from initiating smoking. Future research should also identify reasons for the possible differences between immigrant groups.

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“…However, no such association was found in research conducted in the US (Midanik et al 1995) or in the Netherlands (Henkens et al 2008). Being unemployed was found to be negatively associated with smoking cessation in a study among British adults (Giordano and Lindstrom 2011), but the transition from being employed to being unemployed was not shown to be associated with lower chances of smoking cessation in the samples of older British (Falba et al 2005) or German adults (Schunck and Rogge 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Smoking cessation among European older adults: the contributions of marital and employment transitions by gender

et al. 2016

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Knowledge about the potential effects of stressful events on smoking cessation is helpful for the design of health interventions. Previous studies on this topic tended to group together adults of all ages and of both genders. We investigate the contribution of marital and employment losses on smoking cessation by gender, specifically among older adults in Europe. We used panel data from waves 4 (2011) and 5 (2013) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe for 3345 male and 3115 female smokers at baseline aged 50 and over from 13 countries. The associations between marital and employment losses and smoking cessation were derived from logistic regression models for each gender, controlling for age, educational attainment, diseases incidence and country of residence. Interactions between gender and marital and employment losses were tested. Over the analysed period, 119 smokers became widowed or divorced (1.8 %), 318 became retired (4.9 %) and 100 became unemployed (1.5 %). Becoming widowed or divorced was associated with lower probability of smoking cessation among both men (OR 0.36, 95 % CI 0.14–0.94) and women (OR 0.46, 95 % CI 0.21–0.99). Transitions to unemployment and to retirement were not significantly associated with smoking cessation (OR 0.62, 95 % CI 0.25–1.49; and OR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.43–1.07, respectively). Gender differences in the association between marital and employment losses and smoking cessation were not statistically significant (p value > 0.05 for all interactions). Health interventions should take into account that male and female older adults affected by marital loss are at risk of continuing smoking.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10433-016-0401-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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No causal effect of unemployment on smoking? A German panel study

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

The German East-West Mortality Difference: Two Crossovers Driven by Smoking

The German East-West Mortality Difference: Two Crossovers Driven by Smoking

Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany—Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory

Smoking cessation among European older adults: the contributions of marital and employment transitions by gender

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