Unemployment and Smoking: Causation, Selection, or Common Cause? - Evidence from Longitudinal Data

Abstract

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW BerlinThis series presents research findings based either directly on data from the German SocioEconomic Panel Study (SOEP) or using SOEP data as part of an internationally comparable data set (e.g. CNEF, ECHP, LIS, LWS, CHER/PACO). SOEP is a truly multidisciplinary household panel study covering a wide range of social and behavioral sciences: economics, sociology, psychology, survey methodology, econometrics and applied statistics, educational science, political science, public health, behavioral genetics, demography, geography, and sport science.The decision to publish a submission in SOEPpapers is made by a board of editors chosen by the DIW Berlin to represent the wide range of disciplines covered by SOEP. There is no external referee process and papers are either accepted or rejected without revision. Papers appear in this series as works in progress and may also appear elsewhere. They often represent preliminary studies and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be requested from the author directly.Any opinions expressed in this series are those of the author(s) and not those of DIW Berlin.Research disseminated by DIW Berlin may include views on public policy issues, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. ABSTRACTBackground: This study investigates possible mechanisms that can explain the association between unemployment and smoking, that is a) unemployment increases smoking probability (causation), b) smoking increases the probability to become unemployed (selection), and c) differences in both smoking and unemployment probabilities trace back to differences in socio-economic position (common cause). Methods: Longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) from the years 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 were used to examine the effect of unemployment on smoking probability and vice versa (65,823 observations from 18,735 respondents, aged 18-60 years). Effects were estimated by using random and fixed effects logistic panel regressions. Results:Results from the random effects logistic regression models suggest that unemployed have a higher probability to smoke and that smokers have a higher probability to become unemployed. However, the fixed effects models indicate that the observed associations are driven by unobse...

Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use are associated with job loss at follow-up: Findings from the CONSTANCES cohort

“…2012 to 2016), the unemployment rate at baseline among the 81,997 participants from the CONSTANCES cohort (11%, including 6.1% who are actively seeking employment) is close to the mean unemployment rate in France (10.2%) while taking the definition of the international labour office [35]. In addition, sociodemographic and occupational factors associated with job loss in CONSTANCES were similar to those described in the general population [5,6,15,16,25–27,36]. Thanks to the large sample, analyses were stratified for several individual and occupational factors to examine whether these associations were specific to subgroups or rather a general phenomenon.…”

The association of unemployment from age 21 to 33 with substance use disorder symptoms at age 39: The role of childhood neighborhood characteristics

“…First, the common determinant hypothesis (Cicchetti and Toth, 2009; Schunck and Rogge, 2012; Sroufe, 2007) suggests childhood neighborhood context might be a common source that shapes both adult employment status and substance use. Second, the additive effect (Braveman and Barclay, 2009; Hertzman and Power, 2003) suggests that earlier neighborhood characteristics would exert an independent impact on substance use outcomes beyond unemployment, a proximal risk factor.…”

The Labour Market Impacts of Obesity, Smoking, Alcohol Use and Related Chronic Diseases

“…Smoking is likely to affect employment status because of the well-known adverse health effects, however, the negative effect of smoking on the probability of employment is found to be small (Schunck and Rogge, 2012;Neumann, 2013) except for heavy smoking (Jusot et al, 2008). But, smokers are a source of higher costs in particular due to lost productive time associated with illness and smoking breaks, higher insurance premiums, increased accidents during work time, increased fires and fire insurance costs, negative effect on non-smokers colleagues, and early retirement (Bunn et al, 2006;Parrott et al, 2000).…”