Changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities of hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots and leaves with heating temperature

Abstract

BackgroundThis study evaluated changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities in hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with heating temperature.MethodsHeat treatment was performed at temperatures of 90°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C for 2 hours.ResultsThe ginsenoside content varied significantly with heating temperature. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re in HGR decreased with increasing heating temperature. Ginsenosides F2, F4, Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (S form), Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5, which were absent in the raw ginseng, were formed after heat treatment. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rb1 in HGL decreased with increasing heating temperature. Conversely, ginsenosides Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5 increased with increasing heating temperature. In addition, ginsenoside contents of heated HGL were slightly higher than those of HGR. The highest extraction yield was 14.39% at 130°C, whereas the lowest value was 10.30% at 150°C. After heating, polyphenol contents of HGR and HGL increased from 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (mg GAE eq/g) and 0.74 mg GAE eq/g to 6.16 mg GAE eq/g and 2.86 mg GAE eq/g, respectively.ConclusionAntioxidant activities of HGR and HGL, measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging ability, increased with increasing heating temperature. These results may aid in improving the biological activity and quality of ginseng subjected to heat treatments.

The beneficial effect of ginsenosides extracted by pulsed electric field against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HEK-293 cells

“…These data demonstrated that ginsenosides extracted by PEF and SCSE protect HEK-293 cells from H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress by eliminate intracellular ROS generation, and PEF extracts seem more active. The results of similar studies about other treatments implied that the antioxidant activities of hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots and leaves can be enhanced by heat treatment [38]. ROS formation was decreased by the pretreatment with ginsensosides of white ginseng and ginsensosides of red ginseng, and heat treated red ginseng was generally more effective than white ginseng in reducing hepatic damage by oxidative stress [33].…”

“…In addition, it has been known that heat processing can also facilitate production of ginsenoside 20 (S)-Rg3 and the generation of 20 (S)-Rg3 increases·hydroxyl radical scavenging activity [41]. Ginsenoside F2, F4, Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (S form), Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5 were formed after heat treatment, which were absent in the raw ginseng [38]. The high molecular weight ginsenosides, such as Re, can be specifically hydrolyzed to the low molecular weight ones through an ultra high-pressure process [42].…”

Effects of extrusion conditions on chemical properties of extruded white ginseng root hair

“…The major bioactive compounds in ginseng are saponins, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds . Ginseng saponins, commonly known as ginsenosides, are considered as playing an important role in pharmacological effects . Sun reported the total saponin content in ginseng root hair as being higher than that in other parts of ginseng.…”

Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses early stage of adipocyte development via activation of C/EBP homologous protein-10 in 3T3-L1 and attenuates fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish

“…Ginsenoside is an active component of P. ginseng and has been elucidated to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetes effects [21], [22], [23]. Rg1 is a triterpene saponin and one of the principal active compounds extracted from P. ginseng .…”