Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses early stage of adipocyte development via activation of C/EBP homologous protein-10 in 3T3-L1 and attenuates fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish

Abstract

BackgroundGinsenoside Rg1 is a class of steroid glycoside and triterpene saponin in Panax ginseng. Many studies suggest that Rg1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1. However, the detail molecular mechanism of Rg1 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 is still not fully understood.Methods3T3-L1 preadipocyte was used to evaluate the effect of Rg1 on adipocyte development in the differentiation in a stage-dependent manner in vitro. Oil Red O staining and Nile red staining were conducted to measure intracellular lipid accumulation and superoxide production, respectively. We analyzed the protein expression using Western blot in vitro. The zebrafish model was used to investigate whether Rg1 suppresses the early stage of fat accumulation in vivo.ResultsRg1 decreased lipid accumulation in early-stage differentiation of 3T3-L1 compared with intermediate and later stages of adipocyte differentiation. Rg1 dramatically increased CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein-10 (CHOP10) and subsequently reduced the C/EBPβ transcriptional activity that prohibited the initiation of adipogenic marker expression as well as triglyceride synthase. Rg1 decreased the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β, which are also essential for stimulating the expression of CEBPβ. Rg1 also reduced reactive oxygen species production because of the downregulated protein level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4). While Rg1 increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, it also dramatically decreased the accumulation of lipid and triglyceride in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish.ConclusionWe demonstrated that Rg1 suppresses early-stage differentiation via the activation of CHOP10 and attenuates fat accumulation in vivo. These results indicate that Rg1 might have the potential to reduce body fat accumulation in the early stage of obesity.

Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Obesity: An Overview of Scientific Evidence from 2007 to 2017

“…Ginseng saponins can be subdivided based on structure into Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rl [36, 37]. Panax ginseng C. A. Mey can reduce body weight [61], attenuate fat accumulation [62], suppress lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [63], and improve insulin resistance [64]. Li et al [65] found that administration of ginseng (0.5 g/kg diet) to HFD-induced obese mice for 15 weeks significantly decreased body fat mass gain, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and prevented hypertension.…”

Optimized <i>Cirsium setidens</i> Nakai Fermented by <i>Lentinula edodes</i> Attenuates Lipid Accumulation by Regulating Fatty Acid Oxidation-mediated Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Cells and High Calorie Diet-induced Obese Zebrafish

“…A number of factors including C/EBPα, PPARγ, and aP2 are important for the development of adipocyte [34]. The beneficial effect of dietary extracts derived from fruits or vegetables have been showed on controlling C/EBPα, PPARγ, and aP2 in vitro and in vivo [35,36,37]. Inafuku and colleagues [38] provided a clue that Cirsium Brevicaule A.…”

Soshiho-Tang Aqueous Extract Exerts Antiobesity Effects in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice and Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

“…SST consists of seven medicinal herbs: Bupleuri Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Pinelliae Tuber, Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus, Zizyphi Fructus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Among these components, baicalin [ 26 , 27 ] and baicalein [ 28 ] from Scutellariae Radix and ginsenoside Rg1 from Ginseng Radix Alba [ 29 ] are well known for antiadipogenic effects. Although a previous study indicated that SST suppresses epididymal fat weight and altered serum lipid profile in high fat-fed rats [ 30 ], the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the antiobesity effect of SST have not been elucidated.…”