Changes in circulating cytokines and markers of muscle damage in elite cyclists during a multi‐stage competition

Martínez, Alfredo Córdova; Martorell, Miquel; Gomila, Antoni; Marí, Josep Antoni Tur; Biescas, Antoni Pons

doi:10.1111/cpf.12170

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Originally, the IR interventions, demonstrated cardiac and skeletal injury protection after prolonged ischemic insult [ 10 ], which is associated with an increase in tissue biomarkers (e.g., creatine kinase) [ 10 ] and oxidative damage [ 11 ]. These markers are similar to those found after cycling exercise [ 12 ] and professional cycling races [ 3 ]. Thus, we speculated that PEIC intervention, through elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO), could attenuate tissue and oxidative injury after metabolic and muscle stresses caused by cycling exercise.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists

Arriel¹,

Souza²,

Mota³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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Brief moments of blood flow occlusion followed by reperfusion may promote enhancements in exercise performance. Thus, this study assessed the 24-h effect of post-exercise ischemic conditioning (PEIC) on exercise performance and physiological variables in trained cyclists. In a randomized, single-blind study, 28 trained cyclists (27.1 ± 1.4 years) performed a maximal incremental cycling test (MICT). The outcome measures were creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness and perceived recovery status, heart rate, perceived exertion and power output. Immediately after the MICT, the cyclists performed 1 of the following 4 interventions: 2 sessions of 5-min occlusion/5-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 2 x 5) or 5 sessions of 2-min occlusion/2-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 5 x 2). The PEIC (50 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure) or SHAM (20 mm Hg) treatment was applied unilaterally on alternating thighs. At 24 h after the interventions, a second MICT was performed. In all the groups, the CK levels were increased compared with the baseline (p < 0.05) after the 24-h MICT. The PEIC groups (2 x 5 and 5 x 2) felt more tired at 24 h post intervention (p < 0.05). However, both PEIC groups maintained their performance (2 x 5: p = 0.819; 5 x 2: p = 0.790), while the SHAM groups exhibited decreased performance at 24 h post intervention compared to baseline (2 x 5: p = 0.015; 5 x 2: p = 0.045). A decrease in the maximal heart rate (HR) was found only in the SHAM 2 x 5 group (p = 0.015). There were no other significant differences in the heart rate, power output or perceived exertion after 24 h compared with the baseline values for any of the interventions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, PEIC led to maintained exercise performance 24 h post intervention in trained cyclists.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Each competition commonly consists of consecutive races (e.g., two or eight days) lasting 115–240 min each day [ 1 , 2 ]. During these high-intensity competitions, the athletes deal with short recovery periods between trials (e.g., 24 h or less), which could decrease subsequent performance (i.e., hours or days later) [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists

Arriel¹,

Souza²,

Mota³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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“…In a study of blood cytokine levels in well-trained cyclists who compete in multiday races, the levels of TNF- α , IL-6, IL-2, and IFN- γ were raised following intense exercise, indicating increased inflammation, whereas the level of IL-1 β was unchanged [ 21 ]. On the last day of an eighteen-day trial, cyclists given daily ketone ester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate showed a 15% higher mean power output and 25% increase in the CD4 + /CD8 + (T helper cells/cytotoxic T cells) ratio than controls [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm

Bradshaw

Seeds²,

Miller

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Human SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a high mortality rate due to some patients developing a large innate immune response associated with a cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is characterized at the molecular level by decreased energy metabolism, altered redox state, oxidative damage, and cell death. Therapies that increase levels of (R)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-BHB), such as the ketogenic diet or consuming exogenous ketones, should restore altered energy metabolism and redox state. R-BHB activates anti-inflammatory GPR109A signaling and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and histone deacetylases, while a ketogenic diet has been shown to protect mice from influenza virus infection through a protective γδ T cell response and by increasing electron transport chain gene expression to restore energy metabolism. During a virus-induced cytokine storm, metabolic flexibility is compromised due to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that damage, downregulate, or inactivate many enzymes of central metabolism including the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). This leads to an energy and redox crisis that decreases B and T cell proliferation and results in increased cytokine production and cell death. It is hypothesized that a moderately high-fat diet together with exogenous ketone supplementation at the first signs of respiratory distress will increase mitochondrial metabolism by bypassing the block at PDC. R-BHB-mediated restoration of nucleotide coenzyme ratios and redox state should decrease ROS and RNS to blunt the innate immune response and the associated cytokine storm, allowing the proliferation of cells responsible for adaptive immunity. Limitations of the proposed therapy include the following: it is unknown if human immune and lung cell functions are enhanced by ketosis, the risk of ketoacidosis must be assessed prior to initiating treatment, and permissive dietary fat and carbohydrate levels for exogenous ketones to boost immune function are not yet established. The third limitation could be addressed by studies with influenza-infected mice. A clinical study is warranted where COVID-19 patients consume a permissive diet combined with ketone ester to raise blood ketone levels to 1 to 2 mM with measured outcomes of symptom severity, length of infection, and case fatality rate.

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“…Oxidative stress, muscular damage, increase in inflammation, and MS associated with a decreased performance have been all reported after exhaustive exercise performed by different athletes involved in different sports [3,38,39]. This especially over the course of the multi-day races (i.e.…”

Section: Peic Effects On Recovery Performance Creatine Kinase and Mumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This especially over the course of the multi-day races (i.e. 2 to 7 consecutive days of competition) [3,39] and with high training volumes [40]. This phenomenon may be useful for athletes and coaches searching strategies that minimize decrements in performance or to accelerate the recovery from fatiguing efforts.…”

Section: Peic Effects On Recovery Performance Creatine Kinase and Mumentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemia-Reperfusion Intervention: From Enhancements in Exercise Performance to Accelerates Performance Recovery - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Arriel¹,

Rodrigues²,

Souza³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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It has been demonstrated that brief cycles of ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR) applied before exercise can improve performance and, IR intervention, applied immediately after exercise (post-exercise ischemic conditioning – PEIC) exerts a potential ergogenic effect to accelerate recovery. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to identify the effects of PEIC on exercise performance, recovery and the responses of associated physiological parameters, such as creatine kinase, perceived recovery and muscle soreness, over 24 h after its application. From 3281 studies, six involving 106 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Compared to sham (cuff administration with low pressure) and control interventions (no cuff administration), PEIC led to faster performance recovery (p=0.004; ES=-0.49) and lower increase in creatine kinase (p&lt;0.001; ES=-0.71) and muscle soreness (p&lt;0.001; ES=-0.89) over 24 h. The effectiveness of this intervention is more pronounced in subjects with low/moderate fitness level and at least a total time of 10 min of ischemia (e.g. 2 cycles of 5 min) is necessary to promote positive effects.

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Changes in circulating cytokines and markers of muscle damage in elite cyclists during a multi‐stage competition

Cited by 24 publications

References 45 publications

Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists

Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists

COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm

Ischemia-Reperfusion Intervention: From Enhancements in Exercise Performance to Accelerates Performance Recovery - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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