Change of Foot Size With Weightbearing; A Study of 2829 Children 3 to 18 Years of Age

Cheng, Jack Chun Yiu; Leung, S. S. F.; Leung, Aaron Kam-Lun; Guo, Xia; Sher, Andy; Mak, Arthur F.k.

doi:10.1097/00003086-199709000-00019

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The tarsus has increased by over 50% in length of the foot, and with the development of the transverse and longitudinal arches, a foot for walking and running developed, as opposed to climbing and grasping. The greatest changes in length and shape of the foot occur in the earliest years, where the foot must develop sufficiently in width to allow for balance while a child learns to walk (1,2,3). The length of the foot of a child during growth reaches its final dimensions more proportionally than any other element of the body during growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric measurements of foot length and shape in children 2 to 7 years of age

Vrdoljak

Tiljak²,

Čimić³

2017

Per Biol

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric measurements of foot length and shape in children 2 to 7 years of age

Vrdoljak

Tiljak²,

Čimić³

2017

Per Biol

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“…In the neonates and toddlers, it is known that a fat pad is present underneath the medial longitudinal arch of the infant foot while the arch develops; although this fat pad is thought to resolve between the ages of 2 and 5 years as the arch of the foot is formed (Mickle et al 2006). Different studies (Cheng et al 1997;Hernandez et al 2007;Morrison et al 2007;Chen et al 2009) on measurements of foot have been conducted in worldwide scenario among the children and adult population. Studies conducted by on children aged 2-14 years and found significant difference in foot types and Body Mass Index (BMI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Footprint analysis and prevalence of flatfoot: a study among the children of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

Bhattacharjee

Goswami

2017

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The present study envisages the morphological differences in anthropometric measurements on footprints among the preschool children and analyzes its manifestation in the different weight category. This study also focuses on the diagnosis of flatfoot among the studied population. Data has been collected from 160 participants (80 boys and 80 girls) from Bengali Hindu caste population aged 3 to 6 years. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight and body mass index. Other measurements on foot morphology included foot length, foot breadth diagonal, foot breadth horizontal, ball of the foot length, outside ball of the boot length, heel breadth, and toe lengths T1, T2, T3.T4, T5. Staheli's Plantar Arch Index, Chippaux-Smirak Index and foot angle were calculated. Various statistical tests like t-test, Pearson's correlation and ANOVA were performed. Among all the variables, foot breadth horizontal showed statistically significant difference between boys and girls (p<0.05). All the footprint dimensions showed a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation with height and weight in both the boys and the girls. However, the Staheli's Plantar Arch Index showed a significant (p<0.05) negative correlation with height and weight and Chippaux-Smirak Index showed a significant (p<0.05) negative correlation with height only among both the boys and the girls. Significant differences (ANOVA) were found between the foot morphology of children in three different weight categories (underweight, healthy and overweight) except the foot angle, and both indices. The present study evinces that weight affects the foot structure of the children. The prevalence of flatfoot was found to be 57.5% among the children with no significant difference (p<0.05) between the boys and the girls. The results thus provide a podium for intricate studies in the future. Timely prognosis of flatfoot in children can instigate early rectification of flat-footedness.

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“…Just like ski boots, most shoes used for casual wear need to fit the foot in a standing as well as in a walking posture. Hence, the no-load-foot-shoe-fit of a shoe, especially when sitting, as well as the loaded-foot-shoe-fit when standing or walking are quite important (Carlsöö and Wetzenstein, 1968;Rossi, 1983;Cheng et al, 1997;Tsung et al, 2003). Even though changes in foot shape with increased foot loads can be accommodated with the use of flexible shoe materials (Bradley, 1951;Allwood, 1974;Rossi, 1983;Cheng et al, 1997), shoe designers need a good understanding of foot deformation in order to minimize undue stress on the foot or the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies of the dimensional changes of the foot with weight bearing present limited information (Carlsöö and Wetzenstein, 1968;Rossi, 1983;Cheng et al, 1997;Tsung et al, 2003). Most of these studies quantified dimensional changes to the foot length and width, whereas changes to other critical foot dimensions, such as arch length, ball girth and height, have not been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot deformations under different load-bearing conditions and their relationships to stature and body weight

Xiong

Goonetilleke

Zhao

et al. 2009

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Footwear comfort is primarily determined by the fit between the foot and the shoe. Foot deformations that cannot be accommodated by the flexibility of the material of the shoe upper have to be dealt with by other adaptive means. The major purpose of this study was to determine foot deformations using nine foot dimensions-foot length, arch length, foot width, midfoot width, heel width, midfoot height, medial malleolus height of the most protruding point, lateral malleolus height of the most protruding point and ball girth-as well as the eversion/inversion of the foot while bearing weight. Each foot of 30 Hong Kong Chinese adults (15 males and 15 females) was laser scanned under the conditions of no body-weight (NWB), half body-weight (HWB) and full body-weight (FWB). The nine dimensions and foot rotation were determined with a computer program. The results show that the foot became significantly longer, wider, and reduced in height while everting with increased loading on the foot. The midfoot had relatively large changes in width and height when compared to the forefoot and rearfoot. Even though there were no obvious patterns between the left and right foot for both males and females, considerable differences did exist between the two feet of a few participants. Foot length as a percentage of stature changed from 14.94% to 15.10% to 15.13% in males as the load on the foot increased from NWB to HWB to FWB, respectively. These percentages were 14.56%, 14.72%, and 14.77% for females. Even though foot width was significantly correlated with the body weight of males, no such relationship exists in Hong Kong females.

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Change of Foot Size With Weightbearing; A Study of 2829 Children 3 to 18 Years of Age

Cited by 52 publications

References 13 publications

Anthropometric measurements of foot length and shape in children 2 to 7 years of age

Anthropometric measurements of foot length and shape in children 2 to 7 years of age

Footprint analysis and prevalence of flatfoot: a study among the children of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

Foot deformations under different load-bearing conditions and their relationships to stature and body weight

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