Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease

Abstract

This paper is based on the experience of the authors, with the aim to define the challenges for Echinococcus granulosus (E.g./CE) diagnosis and control for those countries that may now or in the future be contemplating control of hydatid disease. A variety of methods are available for diagnosis in humans but a universal gold standard is lacking. Diagnosis in definitive hosts can avoid necropsy by the use of methods such as coproantigen detection but test performance is variable between populations. A sylvatic cycle adds challenges in some countries and the epidemiology of the parasite in these hosts is poorly understood. Control by solely administering praziquantel to dogs is not effective in developing countries where the disease is endemic. Additional avenues to pursue include the instigation of participatory planning, use of an existing vaccination for intermediate hosts and development of a vaccine and long-acting anthelmitic implants for definitive hosts. Promoting public acceptance of control of the dog population by humane euthanasia and reduced reproduction is also essential.

Epidemiological Study of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep, Cattle and Goats in Erbil Province

“…The prevalence of CE increase with the age, and usually animals are slaughtered at ages varies with countries and cultures, therefore, prevalence will typically be over-estimated if older animals are slaughtered and under estimated if younger animals are slaughtered (Barnes et al, 2012, Qingling et al, 2014and Al Kitani et al, 2015. Adult animals were more likely to have CE than younger ones.…”

Immunoprotection of recombinant Eg.myophilin against Echinococcus granulosus infection in sheep

“…In endemic regions, approximately 50/100,000 individuals have cystic echinococcosis, and prevalence is between 5 and 10% in regions of Argentina, Peru, East Africa, Central Asia and China (3). At present, the major methods for the treatment of CHD include early prevention, drug administration, which typically involves the administration of benzimidazoles such as albendazole and mebendazole, and surgery (4)(5)(6). The disadvantage of these methods is the high cost, which is particularly challenging in remote areas and undeveloped countries.…”

Diagnostics in cystic echinococcosis: Serology versus ultrasonography

“…It is endemic in many regions of the world, such as nations bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, as well as in northern and eastern Africa, western and central Asia, China, South America, and Australia (2). The focus of the disease lies in regions with a low hygienic standard in which humans and animals live in close proximity (3).…”