Challenges and key requirements of batteries for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft

Yang, Xiaoling; Liu, Teng; Ge, Shanhai; Rountree, Eric S.; Wang, Chao Yang

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.001

Cited by 101 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The high-level TMF feasibility, solutions for heating to and stable operation at high temperature, and attendant reductions in cost/parasitic mass and volume/parasitic power consumption/system complexity make such a battery system ideally suited for mobile applications such as EVs and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. , Looking further forward, if a heat-resistant battery can be designed to operate at 80 °C, just like a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, the thermal management system will vanish from the battery pack. Thus, we believe that heat-resistant materials and high-temperature operation will be a realistic and important direction for traction battery safety and much simplified or totally eliminated thermal management.…”

Section: Battery Thermal Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high-level TMF feasibility, solutions for heating to and stable operation at high temperature, and attendant reductions in cost/parasitic mass and volume/parasitic power consumption/system complexity make such a battery system ideally suited for mobile applications such as EVs and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. 41,42 Looking further The ratio of cell resistance to ΔT driving heat transfer relative to that at 60 °C for an exemplary high-energy, state-of-the-art LiB. 29 The thermal conductance requirements for cooling decreases rapidly by elevating the operating temperature further from the ambient, ultimately reducing the complexity of BTMS.…”

Section: ■ Battery Thermal Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fundamental Insights into Battery Thermal Management and Safety

2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To break away from the trilemma among safety, energy density, and lifetime, we present a new perspective on battery thermal management and safety for electric vehicles. We give a quantitative analysis of the fundamental principles governing each and identify high-temperature battery operation and heat-resistant materials as important directions for future battery research and development to improve safety, reduce degradation, and simplify thermal management systems. We find that heat-resistant batteries are indispensable toward resistance to thermal runaway and therefore ultimately battery safety. Concurrently, heat-resistant batteries give rise to long calendar life when idling at ambient temperatures and greatly simplify thermal management while working, owing to much enlarged temperature difference driving cooling. The fundamentals illustrated here reveal an unconventional approach to the development of current and future battery technologies as society moves toward ubiquitous electrified transportation.

show abstract

Section: Battery Thermal Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high-level TMF feasibility, solutions for heating to and stable operation at high temperature, and attendant reductions in cost/parasitic mass and volume/parasitic power consumption/system complexity make such a battery system ideally suited for mobile applications such as EVs and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. 41,42 Looking further The ratio of cell resistance to ΔT driving heat transfer relative to that at 60 °C for an exemplary high-energy, state-of-the-art LiB. 29 The thermal conductance requirements for cooling decreases rapidly by elevating the operating temperature further from the ambient, ultimately reducing the complexity of BTMS.…”

Section: ■ Battery Thermal Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental Insights into Battery Thermal Management and Safety

2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Aviation applications (and also heavy-duty vehicle applications) generally represent rather challenging operating conditions and performance requirements when compared to the application in FC electric cars for individual transport (Cullen et al, 2021;Dyantyi et al, 2017Dyantyi et al, , 2020. To better illustrate the demanding requirements, Figure 3 summarizes some previously established targets and requirements for FCs as the main source of power in an aircraft versus a car (Yang et al, 2021;Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, 2022;McKinsey & Company, 2020;Kadyk et al, 2018Kadyk et al, , 2019Cullen et al, 2021). Notably, aircraft application not only necessitates comparatively high power performance and durability but also the system sizes in terms of rated power are orders of magnitude larger for passenger aircraft.…”

Section: Challenges In Aviation Application Of Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentials of prognostics and health management for polymer electrolyte fuel cells in aviation applications

Ebner

Koops

2022

AEAT

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose A reliable and safe operation of fuel cells (FCs) is imperative for their application in aviation, especially within the main powertrain. Moreover, performance and lifetime requirements for technical and economic viability are demanding compared to their stationary or road transportation counterparts, while the operating conditions are considered challenging. Prognostics and health management (PHM) could represent a powerful tool for enhancing reliability, durability and performance by detecting, predicting and/or mitigating relevant degradation and failure mechanisms. Against this backdrop, the authors consider it of high relevance to obtain an understanding of the effectiveness of PHM approaches for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) for future aircraft applications, which represents the aim of this paper. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors first discuss application relevant failure modes, review state-of-the-art PHM approaches and, consecutively, assess the potential of FC control strategies for aviation. Aiming for a tangible, comparable metric for this initial assessment, the authors apply a published remaining useful life prediction method to load profiles for a range of aviation-specific applications. Findings The authors’ analysis shows significant potentials for lifetime improvement by (partial) avoidance of high power operation and rapid load change through control strategies. Tapping into these theoretical potentials, however, requires significant developments in the field of PEFC PHM and a focus on aviation specific degradation and performance testing. Originality/value The novelty of this study lies in creating an understanding of the potential of avoiding or preventing certain degradation modes by means of PHM in the PEFC specifically in aviation applications.

show abstract

“…The maximum charge rate of commercially available cells is yet to meet the requirements of recharge times that allow for back‐to‐back flights during morning and evening peak travel periods. [25] Even more challenging is the accelerated cell ageing that is inherent with extreme fast charging and must be overcome to ensure a cell's useable cycle life spans thousands of cycles and not hundreds. Discharge rates however do currently meet eVTOL & Electric Conventional Take‐off and Landing (eCTOL) requirements as proven by the ACCEL project, however, not at the high gravimetric energy densities required for commercially viable flight.…”

Section: Understanding the Engineering Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, build, test and flight of the world's fastest electric aircraft

Bingham¹,

Moore²,

Caux³

et al. 2022

IET Electrical Syst in Trans

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Power to mass ratio is one of the key characteristics of most high‐performance vehicles, a record‐breaking ACCEL race aircraft is no different. Project ACCEL pushed the limits of energy management, thermal management, and mass saving, while maintaining measured safety for the pilot and crew to ultimately achieve world record‐breaking flights. The numerous engineering challenges involved in designing and developing the world's fastest electric aircraft have been solved by a relatively small team in a limited timeframe. The blank sheet design of the ESS and powertrain allowed for an appropriately optimised solution, swiftly moving into physical testing allowed for rapid development of the system and opportunities to iterate. In the closing stages of the project, building, assembling, and ground testing the aircraft under one roof allowed for an effective cohesive and exciting crescendo before flight operation of the aircraft at MoD Boscombe Down.

show abstract

Challenges and key requirements of batteries for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft

Cited by 101 publications

References 38 publications

Fundamental Insights into Battery Thermal Management and Safety

Fundamental Insights into Battery Thermal Management and Safety

Potentials of prognostics and health management for polymer electrolyte fuel cells in aviation applications

Design, build, test and flight of the world's fastest electric aircraft

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About