Cerebral Venous Thrombosis as Rare Presentation of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis

Leite, J. F. M. S.; Ribeiro, Ana Isabel; Gonçalves, Diana; Sargento-Freitas, João; Trindade, Luís; Duque, Vítor

doi:10.1155/2019/7835420

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…However, the associated morbidity and mortality have decreased substantially [ 29 ]. Various organisms, e.g., viruses [ [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] ], tubercular [ 50 , 51 ], bacteria [ [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] ], protozoa and other parasitic infections [ [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] ] have led to the development of CVT. Infection, when considered to be a direct cause of CVT, can spread from structures either adjacent to dura matter (e.g., paranasal sinuses, nose, mastoid and orbit) or from a distant locus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19

Ghosh

Roy

Mandal

et al. 2021

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Revi

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Background and aims Initially, novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was considered primarily a respiratory pathogen. However, with time it has behaved as a virus with the potential to cause multi-system involvement, including neurological manifestations. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) has increasingly been reported in association with coronavirus infectious disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we have shed light upon CVT and its possible mechanisms in the backdrop of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In this review, data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science, until March 30, 2021, using pre-specified searching strategies. The search strategy consisted of a variation of keywords of relevant medical subject headings and keywords, including “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “coronavirus”, and “cerebral venous sinus thrombosis”. Results COVID-19 has a causal association with a plethora of neurological, neuropsychiatric and psychological effects. CVT has gained particular importance in this regard. The known hypercoagulable state in SARS-CoV-2 infection is thought to be the main mechanism in COVID-19 related CVT. Other plausible mechanisms may include vascular endothelial dysfunction and altered flow dynamics. Conclusions Although there are no specific clinical characteristics, insidious or acute onset headache, seizures, stroke-like, or encephalopathy symptoms in a patient with, or who has suffered COVID-19, should prompt the attending physician to investigate for CVT. The treatment of COVID-19 associated CVT does not differ radically from the therapy of CVT without the infection, i.e. urgent initiation of parenteral unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin followed by conventional or mostly newer oral anticoagulants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19

Ghosh

Roy

Mandal

et al. 2021

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Revi

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“…In this study we observed 18 stroke patients with CVST; The average age of patients was 49 years, 78% were younger than 55 years old, and more than 60% were women. CVST was reported as a consequence of various viral infections such as the Varicella Zoster virus, [86][87][88][89] Influenza virus, [90] Herpes Simplex virus, [91] SARS, [92] and SARS-CoV-2. [11,93] Classically CVST is considered to occur in young adults, with the predilection of women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 and Stroke Characteristics: A Report from the Multinational COVID-19 Stroke Study Group

Shahjouei

Tsivgoulis

Farahmand

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Stroke is reported as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is a lack of regarding comprehensive stroke phenotype and characteristics Methods: We conducted a multinational observational study on features of consecutive acute ischemic stroke (AIS), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and cerebral venous or sinus thrombosis (CVST) among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. We further investigated the association of demographics, clinical data, geographical regions, and countrie's health expenditure among AIS patients with the risk of large vessel occlusion (LVO), stroke severity as measured by National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), and stroke subtype as measured by the TOAST criteria. Additionally, we applied unsupervised machine learning algorithms to uncover possible similarities among stroke patients. Results: Among the 136 tertiary centers of 32 countries who participated in this study, 71 centers from 17 countries had at least one eligible stroke patient. Out of 432 patients included, 323(74.8%) had AIS, 91(21.1%) ICH, and 18(4.2%) CVST. Among 23 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 16(69.5%) had no evidence of aneurysm. A total of 183(42.4%) patients were women, 104(24.1%) patients were younger than 55 years, and 105(24.4%) patients had no identifiable vascular risk factors. Among 380 patients who had known interval onset of the SARS-CoV-2 and stroke, 144(37.8%) presented to the hospital with chief complaints of stroke-related symptoms, with asymptomatic or undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among AIS patients 44.5% had LVO; 10% had small artery occlusion according to the TOAST criteria. We observed a lower median NIHSS (8[3-17], versus 11[5-17]; p=0.02) and higher rate of mechanical thrombectomy (12.4% versus 2%; p<0.001) in countries with middle to high-health expenditure when compared to countries with lower health expenditure. The unsupervised machine learning identified 4 subgroups, with a relatively large group with no or limited comorbidities. Conclusions: We observed a relatively high number of young, and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections among stroke patients. Traditional vascular risk factors were absent among a relatively large cohort of patients. Among hospitalized patients, the stroke severity was lower and rate of mechanical thrombectomy was higher among countries with middle to high-health expenditure.

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“…Therapy is with acyclovir and anticoagulation, and the clinical improvement seropositivity prevalence is more than 60%. 9 …”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venous thromboembolism in viral diseases: A comprehensive literature review

Zerangian

Erabi

Poudineh

et al. 2023

Health Science Reports

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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is known to be a common respiratory and/or cardiovascular complication in hospitalized patients with viral infections. Numerous studies have proven human immunodeficiency virus infection to be a prothrombotic condition. An elevated VTE risk has been observed in critically ill H1N1 influenza patients. VTE risk is remarkably higher in patients infected with the Hepatitis C virus in contrast to uninfected subjects. The elevation of D‐dimer levels supported the association between Chikungunya and the Zika virus and the rise of clinical VTE risk. Varicella‐zoster virus is a risk factor for both cellulitis and the consequent invasive bacterial disease which may take part in thrombotic initiation. Eventually, hospitalized patients infected with the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19), the cause of the ongoing worldwide pandemic, could mainly suffer from an anomalous risk of coagulation activation with enhanced venous thrombosis events and poor quality clinical course. Although the risk of VTE in nonhospitalized COVID‐19 patients is not known yet, there are a large number of guidelines and studies on thromboprophylaxis administration for COVID‐19 cases. This study aims to take a detailed look at the effect of viral diseases on VTE, the epidemiology of VTE in viral diseases, and the diagnosis and treatment of VTE.

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Cerebral Venous Thrombosis as Rare Presentation of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19

Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 and Stroke Characteristics: A Report from the Multinational COVID-19 Stroke Study Group

Venous thromboembolism in viral diseases: A comprehensive literature review

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