Venous thromboembolism in viral diseases: A comprehensive literature review

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is known to be a common respiratory and/or cardiovascular complication in hospitalized patients with viral infections. Numerous studies have proven human immunodeficiency virus infection to be a prothrombotic condition. An elevated VTE risk has been observed in critically ill H1N1 influenza patients. VTE risk is remarkably higher in patients infected with the Hepatitis C virus in contrast to uninfected subjects. The elevation of D‐dimer levels supported the association between Chikungunya and the Zika virus and the rise of clinical VTE risk. Varicella‐zoster virus is a risk factor for both cellulitis and the consequent invasive bacterial disease which may take part in thrombotic initiation. Eventually, hospitalized patients infected with the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19), the cause of the ongoing worldwide pandemic, could mainly suffer from an anomalous risk of coagulation activation with enhanced venous thrombosis events and poor quality clinical course. Although the risk of VTE in nonhospitalized COVID‐19 patients is not known yet, there are a large number of guidelines and studies on thromboprophylaxis administration for COVID‐19 cases. This study aims to take a detailed look at the effect of viral diseases on VTE, the epidemiology of VTE in viral diseases, and the diagnosis and treatment of VTE.

Respiratory viral infections do not increase risk of venous thromboembolism

“…Briefly, 63 % of the patients were below age fifty, 28 % identified as Black race, and about half were male. Body mass index (BMI) was recorded for only half of the participants; among them, 35 % were obese (BMI>30 Kg/m 2 ).…”

“…1 A major concern is whether ED patients with positive viral tests are at increased risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Well-established thrombogenic viruses include hepatitis B and C, HIV and cytomegalovirus, 2 but less is known about respiratory viruses.…”

A Rare Association of Epstein-Barr Virus and Budd-Chiari Syndrome

“…EBV infection commonly presents with either no symptoms or flu-like manifestations. However, in some cases, it can lead to conditions such as mononucleosis syndrome, which mainly presents with hepatosplenomegaly, cervical lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, hepatitis, monocytosis, and atypical lymphocytosis [ 8 ]. While there are multiple instances documented in medical literature linking cytomegalovirus to VTE, reports of EBV causing VTE are rarer to observe as noted in this case report [ 9 ].…”

Evaluating the Efficacy of ChatGPT in Navigating the Spanish Medical Residency Entrance Examination (MIR): Promising Horizons for AI in Clinical Medicine

“…The consequences of such a diagnostic error in a real-world scenario could be significant, falling under the NCC MERP classification of Category E, wherein the error could temporarily harm the patient requiring intervention. If a patient undergoes an unnecessary phlebography based on this incorrect advice, it could lead to potential complications such as allergic reactions to contrast dye, phlebitis, or even more severe complications like venous thromboembolism [104,105]. Moreover, the invasive nature of phlebography compared to non-invasive options would also pose additional psychological stress for the patient.…”