Cellular Signalling and Photobiomodulation in Chronic Wound Repair

Abstract

Photobiomodulation (PBM) imparts therapeutically significant benefits in the healing of chronic wounds. Chronic wounds develop when the stages of wound healing fail to progress in a timely and orderly frame, and without an established functional and structural outcome. Therapeutic benefits associated with PBM include augmenting tissue regeneration and repair, mitigating inflammation, relieving pain, and reducing oxidative stress. PBM stimulates the mitochondria, resulting in an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and the downstream release of growth factors. The binding of growth factors to cell surface receptors induces signalling pathways that transmit signals to the nucleus for the transcription of genes for increased cellular proliferation, viability, and migration in numerous cell types, including stem cells and fibroblasts. Over the past few years, significant advances have been made in understanding how PBM regulates numerous signalling pathways implicated in chronic wound repair. This review highlights the significant role of PBM in the activation of several cell signalling pathways involved in wound healing.

Chemical Composition of Salix koreensis Anderss Flower Absolute and Its Skin Wound Healing Activities In Vitro

“…Wound healing is regulated by intracellular signaling pathways, and MAPKs are known to be associated with the regulations of many cellular events, including cellular proliferation and migration [ 3 ]. The MAPK family is composed of three major subfamilies, namely, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK, which have all been reported to mediate keratinocyte migration and proliferation [ 26 , 34 ].…”

“…Skin wound healing immediately after injury proceeds in four successive but overlapping stages, namely, hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling [ 2 ]. The regulations of these processes are associated with complex interactions between cells, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and blood elements [ 3 ]. Wound healing can be disrupted by factors, such as infection, tissue necrosis, stress, and disease [ 2 ].…”

Current challenges and future applications of antibacterial nanomaterials and chitosan hydrogel in burn wound healing

“…12,16 Fibroblasts are the major cell type involved in the granulation stage, which produce collagen and other ECM molecules. 17 The ECM provides an appropriate scaffold for cell adhesion and organizes the growth and differentiation of cells. At the end of this stage, fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts (forming a scar) or undergo apoptosis.…”

A review on photobiomodulation therapy for olfactory dysfunction caused by COVID-19

“…PBM is commonly used in wound healing because it speeds up the healing process by releasing and producing NO, which regulates the growth factors needed for wound healing. [22][23][24][25] PBM also used in inflammation reduction as it can decreased chemical inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2, leucocytes, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). [26][27][28] Furthermore, PBM affects inflammation by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α while increasing IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine.…”

“…33,36 PBM is an emerging alternative treatment for anosmia although, it has been around for a long time to be safe, effective and non-invasive treatment for inflammation, wound and cellular healing as it promotes tissue repair and reduce inflammation and pain. 23,29,37,38 PBM efficiently elevates NO by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase production, which is important for the immunological re-sponse of the host and is induced in the case of pathogencaused inflammation or infection. 39,40 NO can also interact with reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates to generate a variety of antimicrobial molecular species, including COVID-19, which can disrupt RNA replication.…”