Cell-penetrating macromolecules: Direct penetration of amphipathic phospholipid polymers across plasma membrane of living cells

Intracellular delivery of quantum dots mediated by a histidine- and arginine-rich HR9 cell-penetrating peptide through the direct membrane translocation mechanism

“…Further, there was no lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release that indicated cell membrane integrity was not perturbed. Goda et al observed energy-independent internalization of phospholipid polymers in HepG2 cells in 5 min [53]. Moreover, the internalization did not cause membrane bilayer disruption (i.e., no LDH release).…”

2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer (MPC)-coating improves the transfection activity of GALA-modified lipid nanoparticles by assisting the cellular uptake and intracellular dissociation of plasmid DNA in primary hepatocytes

“…Therefore, PMB50 may enhance cellular association via a unique mechanism except for electrostatic interactions. A very recent report showed that PMB50, and a series of derivatives efficiently enter the cytosol in living cells via the penetration of plasma membranes, even when energy-dependent endocytosis is blocked [33]. Although the mechanism of penetration remains to be clarified, the hydrophobic BMA units may efficiently interact with plasma membrane lipids.…”

Direct Permeation of Nanoparticles across Cell Membrane: A Review

“…Goda et al (2010) found that their synthesized NP composed of amphiphilic random copolymer exhibited the direct permeation, while another NP composed of solely hydrophilic polymer failed to penetrate into the cell. Liu et al (2013) reported that temperature sensitive pNIPAM particles with a size of 3 μm, which is much larger size, can directly penetrate into phospholipid vesicles and Hela cells.…”