Cell architecture upswing based on catalyst coated membrane (CCM) for vanadium flow battery

Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications

“…[133][134][135] Normally, for the VRFB using the Nafion series membranes and operating at 20-100 mA cm -2 , the cell is able to achieve a voltage plateau of ~1.1-1.35 V during discharging and a voltage plateau of ~1.35-1.5 V during charging. 67,136,137…”

Engineering aspects of the design, construction and performance of modular redox flow batteries for energy storage

“…In terms of chemical stability and resistance to oxidation, cationic perfluorinated membranes are superior to those based on hydrocarbon backbones [276]. [284,285] and TiO 2 [286] nanoparticles as well as catalyst-coated membranes [287] and simultaneous polymerization with chlorosulfonyl groups [288] have reduced the permeability of Nafion ® albeit increasing the area resistance. Increased selectivity and reduced water transfer can be obtained with higher degree of crosslinking [212], or layer-by-layer films preparation, e.g., alternating Nafion and polyethylenimine [289].…”

Progress on the electrode materials towards vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) with improved power density

“…In this regard, some researchers [116][117][118][119][120] introduced the zerogap structure used in the fuel cell into the VFB structure design. They replaced graphite felt electrodes to a thinner carbon paper or carbon cloth cooperating with the flow-by mode as shown in Fig.…”