Catch-up growth does not associate with cognitive development in Indian school-age children

Sokolovic, Nina; Selvam, Sumithra; Srinivasan, Krishnamachari; Thankachan, Prashanth; Kurpad, Anura V; Thomas, Tinku

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.208

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…An Indian study also reported poor performance of malnourished children in the age groups of 5–7 and 8–10 years, on tests of attention, working memory, learning and memory, and visuospatial ability (Kar et al, ). The cognitive scores remained unchanged even with a nutritional supplementation for 6 months to both stunted and nonstunted children in an Indian study (Sokolovic et al, ). One Bangladeshi study conducted by Tarleton and colleagues assessed cognitive function of school children aged 6–9 years, living in a slum of Mirpur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In addition, stunted children have vocabulary deficits and other deficiencies in school performance and intelligence (Crookston et al, ). The deleterious long‐term effect of stunting was also evident in a recent Indian study that reported that persistently stunted children aged 6 and 12 years had poorer performance on short‐term memory, cognitive speed, retrieval ability, and visuospatial ability tests (Sokolovic et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Early childhood development and stunting: Findings from the MAL‐ED birth cohort study in Bangladesh

Nahar

Hossain

Mahfuz

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Information on the association between stunting and child development is limited from low-income settings including Bangladesh where 36% of children under-5 are stunted. This study aimed to explore differences in early childhood development (ECD) between stunted (length-for-age z-score [LAZ] < −2) and nonstunted (LAZ ≥ −2) children in Bangladesh. Children (n = 265) aged 6-24 months who participated in the MAL-ED birth cohort study were evaluated by trained psychologists at 6, 15, and 24 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III; child length and weight were measured using standard procedures. ECD scores (zscores derived from cognitive, motor, language and socio-emotional skills) were compared between stunted, underweight (weight-for-age z-score < −2), and wasted (weight-for-length z-score < −2) children, controlling for child age and sex and maternal age, education, body mass index (BMI), and depressive symptoms. Stunted children had significantly lower ECD scores than their nonstunted peers on cognitive (P = .049), motor (P < .001), language (P < .001) and social-emotional (P = .038) scales where boys had significantly lower fine motor skills compared with girls (P = .027).Mother's schooling and BMI were significant predictors of ECD. Similar to stunting, underweight children had developmental deficits in all domains (cognitive: P = .001; fine motor: P = .039, and P < .001 for both gross motor and total motor; expressive communication: P = .032; total language: P = .013; social-emotional development: P = .017). Wasted children had poor motor skills (P = .006 for the fine motor; P < .001 for both gross motor and total motor development) compared with the nonwasted peers. Early childhood stunting and underweight were associated with poor developmental outcomes in Bangladesh.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Early childhood development and stunting: Findings from the MAL‐ED birth cohort study in Bangladesh

Nahar

Hossain

Mahfuz

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…Nutritional interventions have been shown to be most effective at minimizing the impact of insults to cognitive development when administered during the first 2 years of life (Ip et al, 2017). However, there is vast heterogeneity in this domain, since other studies concluded that improving nutritional intake does not result in better cognitive performance (Sokolovic et al, 2014). Perkins et al (2017) argue that these discrepant findings could be due to heterogeneity in the type of intervention administered, child sex and family demographics.…”

Section: Association Between Cognitive Development and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning for use among infants aged 5‐ to 24‐months in rural Gambia

Milosavljevic

Vellekoop²,

Maris

et al. 2019

Developmental Science

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Infants in low‐resource settings are at heightened risk for compromised cognitive development due to a multitude of environmental insults in their surroundings. However, the onset of adverse outcomes and trajectory of cognitive development in these settings is not well understood. The aims of the present study were to adapt the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) for use with infants in a rural area of The Gambia, to examine cognitive development in the first 24‐months of life and to assess the association between cognitive performance and physical growth. In Phase 1 of this study, the adapted MSEL was tested on 52 infants aged 9‐ to 24‐months (some of whom were tested longitudinally at two time points). Further optimization and training were undertaken and Phase 2 of the study was conducted, where the original measures were administered to 119 newly recruited infants aged 5‐ to 24‐months. Infant length, weight and head circumference were measured concurrently in both phases. Participants from both phases were split into age categories of 5–9 m (N = 32), 10–14 m (N = 92), 15–19 m (N = 53) and 20–24 m (N = 43) and performance was compared across age groups. From the ages of 10–14 m, Gambian infants obtained lower MSEL scores than US norms. Performance decreased with age and was lowest in the 20–24 m old group. Differential onsets of reduced performance were observed in the individual MSEL domains, with declines in visual perception and motor performance detected as early as at 10–14 months, while reduced language scores became evident after 15–19 months of age. Performance on the MSEL was significantly associated with measures of growth.

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“…Stunting in early life is associated with short-term and long-term consequences. Stunting may hamper the structural and functional development of the brain, resulting in delayed cognitive function development or permanent cognitive impairment which may lead to poor academic achievement and low economic productivity (3)(4)(5) . Childhood stunting is directly related to short adult stature and may have intergenerational effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

BMI, body fat and waist-to-height ratio of stunted v. non-stunted Indian children: a case–control study

Savanur¹,

Ghugre²

2016

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To compare the BMI, body fat and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) of stunted and non-stunted children following different growth trajectories from low socio-economic strata in Mumbai, India. Design: Cross-sectional, case-control study. Weight, height, skinfold thicknesses and waist circumference were measured. Information regarding the duration of breast-feeding, age at initiation of complementary feeding and income was obtained. Birth weight was obtained from records. BMI, body fat, WHtR and change in weight SD were calculated. Setting: Children who were beneficiaries of anganwadis, Mumbai city, India. Subjects: Three hundred and thirty children aged 2-4 years were selected in each of the stunted and non-stunted groups after matching for age and sex. Results: After adjusting for birth weight, change in weight SD, duration of breastfeeding, age at complementary feeding initiation and income, stunted children had significantly higher body fat, WHtR and BMI than the non-stunted (P < 0·01). The stunted and non-stunted children were classified based on their change in weight SD. Stunted children with no change in weight SD had higher mean body fat, BMI (P < 0·01) and WHtR (P < 0·05) than their non-stunted counterparts. In the catch-up growth group, stunted children had higher BMI and WHtR than the non-stunted (both P < 0·001). In the catch-down growth group, stunted children had higher BMI than the non-stunted (P < 0·001). Conclusions: Stunting was seen to increase the tendency of conserving body fat in young children. Such a tendency, if continued during later childhood and adolescence, can increase the risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases. KeywordsStunting Body fat BMI Waist-to-height ratio Children IndiaGlobally, 171 million children (27 %) below 5 years of age were stunted in 2010 (1) . The problem of stunting or chronic undernutrition is deeply rooted in poverty and deprivation, affecting mainly the developing and underdeveloped nations. Over the previous two decades, the prevalence of stunting in Asia has reduced by half from 48·6 % to 27·6 % in the years 1990 to 2010 (1) . In comparison with the global rates, the prevalence of stunting in India is much higher (i.e. 48 %) with the rate in rural areas (50·7 %) exceeding that in urban ones (39·6 %) (2)

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Catch-up growth does not associate with cognitive development in Indian school-age children

Abstract: Evidently, stunting remains associated with cognitive ability in school-age children; however, the reversal of these effects in this age group may be quite difficult.

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Early childhood development and stunting: Findings from the MAL‐ED birth cohort study in Bangladesh

Early childhood development and stunting: Findings from the MAL‐ED birth cohort study in Bangladesh

Adaptation of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning for use among infants aged 5‐ to 24‐months in rural Gambia

BMI, body fat and waist-to-height ratio of stunted v. non-stunted Indian children: a case–control study

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