Conventional indicators – weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) reflect different facets of the nutritional status. Weight-for-age is the most commonly used indicator. When used individually or in combination, conventional indices fail to depict the overall magnitude of undernutrition in the population. Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is an alternative classification system which attempts to fill this lacuna. Thus, we undertook this study with the objective to compare the prevalence of undernutrition using CIAF and the conventional indices. We included 634 children aged between 2 to 4 years from anganwadis located in three areas of Mumbai. Weight, height and MUAC measurements were taken. Z scores were computed for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) using WHO Anthro software. Children were classified as per the conventional indices and CIAF. The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 35.7 %, 33.8 % and 18.5 % respectively. None of the children had MUAC < 11.5 cm. About 1 % of the children were moderately wasted according to MUAC. As per CIAF, 47.8 % children were undernourished. According to CIAF, one-third of the undernourished children had single anthropometric failure while half of them had dual failure and 17.1 % had multiple failures. When compared with the conventional indices, CIAF could recognize 12.1 %, 14.0 %, 29.3 % and 46.7 % more undernourished children than WAZ, HAZ, WHZ and MUAC respectively. In conclusion, CIAF is seen to have many advantages over the conventional indices. CIAF is useful in assessing the overall magnitude of undernutrition and identifying children with multiple anthropometric failures. It also recognizes more undernourished children than all the conventional indices. Therefore, CIAF should be used more widely as a tool for nutritional assessment particularly in developing countries where the burden of undernutrition is high.

Objective: To compare the BMI, body fat and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) of stunted and non-stunted children following different growth trajectories from low socio-economic strata in Mumbai, India. Design: Cross-sectional, case-control study. Weight, height, skinfold thicknesses and waist circumference were measured. Information regarding the duration of breast-feeding, age at initiation of complementary feeding and income was obtained. Birth weight was obtained from records. BMI, body fat, WHtR and change in weight SD were calculated. Setting: Children who were beneficiaries of anganwadis, Mumbai city, India. Subjects: Three hundred and thirty children aged 2-4 years were selected in each of the stunted and non-stunted groups after matching for age and sex. Results: After adjusting for birth weight, change in weight SD, duration of breastfeeding, age at complementary feeding initiation and income, stunted children had significantly higher body fat, WHtR and BMI than the non-stunted (P < 0·01). The stunted and non-stunted children were classified based on their change in weight SD. Stunted children with no change in weight SD had higher mean body fat, BMI (P < 0·01) and WHtR (P < 0·05) than their non-stunted counterparts. In the catch-up growth group, stunted children had higher BMI and WHtR than the non-stunted (both P < 0·001). In the catch-down growth group, stunted children had higher BMI than the non-stunted (P < 0·001). Conclusions: Stunting was seen to increase the tendency of conserving body fat in young children. Such a tendency, if continued during later childhood and adolescence, can increase the risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases. KeywordsStunting Body fat BMI Waist-to-height ratio Children IndiaGlobally, 171 million children (27 %) below 5 years of age were stunted in 2010 (1) . The problem of stunting or chronic undernutrition is deeply rooted in poverty and deprivation, affecting mainly the developing and underdeveloped nations. Over the previous two decades, the prevalence of stunting in Asia has reduced by half from 48·6 % to 27·6 % in the years 1990 to 2010 (1) . In comparison with the global rates, the prevalence of stunting in India is much higher (i.e. 48 %) with the rate in rural areas (50·7 %) exceeding that in urban ones (39·6 %) (2)

We examined the influence of nutritional status, body fat, and anemia on the physical fitness (PFI) of tribal adolescents. Weight, height, skinfold thickness, PFI, and hemoglobin levels of 147 adolescents (11 to 16 years) were measured. The experience of cycling was recorded. Overall, 31.3% were mildly, 12.9% were moderately, and 10.9% were severely thin. The majority (81.6%) were nonanemic. All had "poor" PFI scores. Hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with PFI scores in boys and girls. Experience of cycling also predicted PFI in girls. Nutritional status, hemoglobin level, and physical activity were associated with the fitness levels of these adolescents.