In a series of meta-analyses, paternal sensitivity was associated with children's (age range: 7 months-9 years) overall cognitive functioning (N = 3,193; k = 23; r = .19), including language skills (k = 9; r = .21), cognitive ability (k = 9; r = .18), and executive function (k = 8; r = .19). Paternal sensitivity was not associated with children's overall socioemotional functioning (N = 2,924; k = 24; r = À.03) or internalizing problems, but it was associated with children's emotion regulation (k = 7; r = .22) and externalizing problems (k = 19; r = À.08). In the broad cognitive functioning, executive function, broad socioemotional functioning, and externalizing problems meta-analyses, child age was a significant moderator.

Evidently, stunting remains associated with cognitive ability in school-age children; however, the reversal of these effects in this age group may be quite difficult.

Introduction: Sex workers are disproportionately impacted by the HIV pandemic across global contexts, in part due to social and structural contexts of stigma and criminalization. Among women living with HIV, there is a dearth of longitudinal information regarding dynamics of sex work engagement and associated social and health outcomes. In order to better understand the social contexts and health needs of sex working women living with HIV, this study aimed to understand recent sex work prevalence and its longitudinal associations with stigma, psychosocial and clinical HIV outcomes among women living with HIV in Canada. Methods: We conducted a three-wave prospective cohort survey at 18-month intervals with women living with HIV aged 16 and older in three Canadian provinces between 2013 and 2018. We used generalized estimating equations to examine longitudinal associations between recent (past 6-month) sex work with three types of outcomes: psychosocial (recent violence, recent injection drug use, hazardous alcohol use, clinical depression and post-traumatic stress disorder), clinical HIV (CD4 count and viral load) and stigma (HIV-related stigma, racial discrimination and gender discrimination). Equations were adjusted for socio-demographic factors associated with sex work across all three waves: province, age, income, gender identity, sexual orientation, education level, ethnicity and housing security. Results and Discussion: Of 1422 participants, 129 (9.1%) reported recent sex work during at least one wave (82 at baseline, 73 at first follow-up and 32 at second follow-up). In adjusted analyses, recent sex work was associated with psychosocial outcomes, including: past 3-month violence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.70, 3.60), past 6-month injection drug use (AOR = 3.49, 95% CI = 2.21-5.52), hazardous alcohol use (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.04-3.89) and depression (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.06-2.15). In unadjusted analyses, sex work was also associated with clinical HIV outcomes and gender discrimination, but not racial discrimination/HIV-related stigma. Conclusions: Among women living with HIV in Canada, sex work engagement is dynamic, and sex workers are more likely to report recent violence, recent injection drug use, problematic alcohol use and clinical depression. Violence prevention and support, harm reduction, mental health promotion and sex work-affirming programs could be employed to optimize health and rights for sex working women living with HIV.

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Are mother-child conflict discussions shaped by time-varying, reciprocal influences, even after accounting for stable contributions from each individual? Mothers were filmed discussing a conflict for 5 min, separately with their younger (ages 5-9, N = 217) and older (ages 7-13, N = 220) children. Each person's conflict constructiveness was coded in 20-s intervals and data were analyzed using dynamic structural equation modeling, which separates individual and influence effects. Children influenced their mothers' behavior under certain conditions, with evidence for developmental differences in the magnitude and direction of influence, whereas mothers did not influence their children under any circumstance. Results are discussed in the context of child effects on parent behavior and changes in parenting across middle childhood. The grant titled "Transactional Processes in Emotional and Behavioural Regulation: Individuals in Context" was awarded to Jennifer M. Jenkins and Michael Boyle from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and covered data collection. We are grateful to the families who gave so generously of their time, to the Hamilton and Toronto Public Health Units for facilitating recruitment of the sample, and to Mira Boskovic for project management.

Families function best, and children benefit the most, when familial interactions are characterized by responsivity-an understanding and consideration of other people's thoughts and feelings. How responsive people are during interactions with others is a product of individual propensities, observed family norms, and unique relationship patterns, though these influences are often hard to disentangle. In the current study, we used a Social Relations Model (SRM) to parse out the extent to which being responsive during family interactions is attributable to individual traits or familial tendencies. Mothers, fathers, and two children each interacted with every other person in the family (N = 198 families) and each person's behavior was coded for the level of responsivity they displayed toward their interactional partner. Data were modeled using a multilevel formulation of the SRM. Between 15% and 30% of the variance in individual's responsivity was attributable to stable traits, with parents tending to be more consistent across all interactional partners than their children. On average, 14% of the variance in responsivity was shared across all members of a given family. Income explained 28% of family-level variance, while other family characteristics, including parent education, parent mental health, interparental conflict, and household chaos, explained little to no variance. Furthermore, it was found that parents contributed more to the family tone of responsivity than did their children. These results provide new insights into what makes family members responsive toward one other and suggest there are likely benefits of providing supports across individual-, family-, and financial-levels to enhance family responsivity.

CONTEXT: Children who receive more responsive care during their early childhood tend to exhibit stronger cognitive development, mental well-being, and physical health across their life course. OBJECTIVE: Determine how to design effective responsivity training programs for caregivers. DATA SOURCES: We searched seven electronic databases through October 2020. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized trials (k = 120) of programs training parents of children ages 0 to 6 to be more responsive. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently extracted data. Data were pooled by using random-effects pairwise and network meta-analyses. RESULTS: Programs had, on average, a medium effect (d = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47 to 0.65). The most effective programs included didactic teaching and opportunities for parents to observe models, practice skills, and receive feedback (d = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.37 to 1.77), or all these instructional methods in addition to reflection (d = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.64 to 1.09). Programs that had participants observe examples of responsivity (d = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.83), used researchers as facilitators (d = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.12), assigned homework (d = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.02), and had a narrow scope (d = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.87) were more effective than those that did not. LIMITATIONS: Most samples included only mothers from Western countries and lacked follow-up data. CONCLUSIONS: Having parents observe examples of responsive caregiving and complete home-practice in short, focused programs may be an effective, scalable approach to enhancing responsivity in the general population and reducing inequalities in child development.

Responsivity in parent-child interactions is thought to be a key factor in supporting children's early learning and development. Despite the empirically demonstrated importance of fathers for children's development, most of the assessment tools for responsivity have not been validated on fathers, and many are too time consuming to utilize at the population level. The aim of this study was to validate an efficient (8-min) observational measure of responsivity in a sample of 155 fathers and their children (ages 5-12). The Responsive Interactions for Learning (RIFL) measure has been previously validated in mother-child and sibling dyads. To build a stronger understanding of fathers' role in development it is essential to develop efficient and valid measures of father-child interaction quality. Furthermore, having a single measure that has been validated for use across family members can support family systems research. The RIFL for father-child dyads showed strong internal consistency and achieved interrater reliability. Its validity was demonstrated through its association with other, more time-consuming parenting measures and sociodemographic characteristics. Paternal responsivity was not associated with children's outcomes. Results are discussed in the context of unique aspects of father-child relationships at different phases in children's development. Public Significance StatementWith this simple and cost-effective new measure, it is possible to reliably assess the quality of father-child interactions in 8 min. This can enable population-level assessment for public health research and interventions targeting parenting.