“Catch the Pendulum”: The Problem of Asymmetric Data Delivery in Electromagnetic Nanonetworks

Abstract

The network of novel nano-material based nanodevices, known as nanoscale communication networks or nanonetworks has ushered a new communication paradigm in the terahertz band (0.1-10 THz). In this work, first we envisage an architecture of nanonetworks-based Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) monitoring, consisting of nano-macro interface (NM) and nanodevice-embedded Drug Eluting Stents (DESs), termed as nanoDESs. Next, we study the problem of asymmetric data delivery in such nanonetworks-based systems and propose a simple distance-aware power allocation algorithm, named catch-the-pendulum, which optimizes the energy consumption of nanoDESs for communicating data from the underlying nanonetworks to radio frequency (RF) based macro-scale communication networks. The algorithm exploits the periodic change in mean distance between a nanoDES, inserted inside the affected coronary artery, and the NM, fitted in the intercostal space of the rib cage of a patient suffering from a CHD. Extensive simulations confirm superior performance of the proposed algorithm with respect to energy consumption, packet delivery, and shutdown phase.

A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Communication in Context of Molecular Communication and Terahertz Communication for Body-Centric Nanonetworks

“…Some groups specified the communication paradigm with corresponding interface either using EM paradigm or MC (a) The proposed scheme in [225] (b) The proposed scheme in [226]. paradigm.…”

“…paradigm. The authors of [225] proposed a network deployment tailored for coronary heart disease monitoring, which is shown in Fig 10a. The network consists of two major components: Nanodevice-embedded Drug Eluting Stents (nanoDESs) and Nano-macro Interface (NM). The nanoDESs are deployed to occluded regions of coronary arteries and responsible for measuring the arterial constriction, communicating relevant information, and controlling the release of any required drugs.…”

“…Apparently, all the above schemes can enable the connection between the In-Body Network and the Body-Area Network using electromagnetic paradigm or molecular paradigm, but there are some factors making them less practical. First, the nanonodes in [226] and nanoDESs in [225] are nonbiological and may intervene other physiological activities, as the nanonodes need to be injected into blood vessels or enter the human body through drinking a solution containing them, and the nanoDESs are even required to be surgically placed into body. Moreover, the injection or insertion of numerous nanonodes into the human body may not be accepted by the public, and some countries have published national laws to strictly regulate the production and marketing of such devices [160].…”

Bacterial communication systems: A mathematical formulation of negative chemotaxis

“…Finally, BSNs could enhance drug delivery efficiency, 58 through the use of chemotactic/chemorepellent substances, providing a more accurate monitoring environment based on the findings of this study. 59 These nano-sensors could communicate with external devices, transmitting the acquired information for disease diagnosis, like in case of the coronary heart disease monitoring.…”

“…These nano-sensors could communicate with external devices, transmitting the acquired information for disease diagnosis, like in case of the coronary heart disease monitoring. 59…”