Catastrophic Limestone Decay at the Central Sanctuary of Iupiter Dolichenus at Dülük Baba Tepesi in Southern Turkey: Causes and Implications for Future Conservation

Wilhelm, Katrin; Viles, Heather; Winter, Engelbert; Burke, Órlaith; Engelstaedter, Sebastian; Coyte, Katharine Z.

doi:10.1080/13505033.2016.1291025

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Due to the historic nature of the sample sites, noninvasive and non-destructive test methods used in previous cultural heritage research have been adapted for this project (Viles, Sternberg, and Cathersides 2011;Eklund et al 2013;Wilhelm et al 2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Interactions Between Mosses and Their Underlying Stone Substrates

Jang

Viles

2021

Studies in Conservation

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Mosses are a common type of organism found colonising stone in both the natural and built environment. People responsible for managing and conserving historic buildings often worry that mosses can cause biodeterioration, but there is very little research to date on what controls moss growth and the nature and magnitude of their impact. To help fill this knowledge gap, research has been carried out on limestone walls at Kelmscott Manor, the churchyard at Chipping Norton, and in the laboratory on limestone test blocks, to examine the impact of microclimate variations on both the initial colonisation and spread of mosses, and the impact of moss colonisation on temperature, relative humidity, and moisture conditions. The research used a combination of non-destructive and invasive tests to determine the impact of mosses on moisture relations through direct impacts on surface moisture, water absorption capacity, and open porosity. From the results presented, we can infer that mosses have an impact on water uptake and retention on mortar and limestone at both the surface and subsurface level, and that they may play a role in 'shielding' the underlying substrate from light rainfall events. The experimental data also suggests that in certain cases, removing mosses may have more of an impact on moisture regimes than leaving them in situ.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Interactions Between Mosses and Their Underlying Stone Substrates

Jang

Viles

2021

Studies in Conservation

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“…The averaging window is an analogue for climate data recorded at wider time intervals, although these can be recorded as either individual measurements taken at regular intervals or the average of several measurements taken within that time period. Thus, the importance of the data frequency is a crucial factor to consider as shown by Wilhelm et al (35) when considering frost events causing catastrophic decay of limestone. Similar events concerning salt crystallization can be missed if the resolution of the data is too coarse or certain environmental factors are not considered such as rainfall, wind velocity, surface condensation and direct sunshine.…”

Section: Predicting the Occurrence Of Dissolution Cycles -Meteorologimentioning

confidence: 99%

NaCl-Related Weathering of Stone: The Importance of Kinetics and Salt Mixtures in Environmental Risk Assessment

Godts

Orr

Désarnaud

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Salt weathering is one of the most important causes of deterioration in the built environment. Two crucial aspects need further investigation to understand the processes and find suitable measures: the impact of different climatic environments and the properties of salt mixture crystallization. We demonstrate the importance of kinetics in quantifying crystallization and dissolution cycles by combining droplet and capillary laboratory experiments with climate data analysis. The results proved that dissolution times for pure NaCl were much slower than crystallization, while thermodynamic modelling showed a lower RHeq of NaCl (65.5%) in a salt mixture (commonly found in the built heritage) compared to its RHeq as a single salt (75.5%). Following the results, a minimum time of 0.5 hour is considered for dissolution and the two main RHeq thresholds could be applied to climate data analysis. The predicted number of dissolution/crystallization cycles was significantly dependent on the measurement frequency (or equivalent averaging period) of the climatic data. An analysis of corresponding rural and urban climate demonstrated the impact of spatial phenomena (such as the urban heat island) on the predicted frequency cycles. The findings are fundamental to improve appropriate timescale windows and to illustrate a methodology with specific points of interest to quantify salt crystallization cycles in realistic environments as a risk assessment procedure that can be applied to climate data. The results are the basis for future work to improve the accuracy of salt risk assessment by including the kinetics of salt mixtures. This will improve the understanding of past and future salt weathering mechanisms and enable scientifically informed conservation strategies.

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Assessing the suitability of local earth resources for use in clay barriers to protect historic masonry in Pompeii

et al. 2023

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This paper presents a case study for the testing of locally available resources selected to form a clay barrier. This is a promising technique for protecting historic masonry from ground moisture intrusion. There are several historical precedents for the use of calcareous, clayey soils to form moisture resilient barriers in architecture. More recently, specialised bentonite mixtures have arrived on the market. Assessment protocols for suitable barrier material will help establish general codes and the potential for this technique to make use of locally available resources, either in their raw state or in mixtures. In this project, a variety of different geo-materials are collected from around Pompeii to test their suitability for use in a barrier installation on a tomb in the archaeological site. The methodology consists of laboratory tests used in the assessment of barrier material for landfill engineering, and rapid tests used in earth construction. A mixture of a calcareous clay and a sand produced barrier material with suitable properties. The methodology can form the basis of assessments elsewhere, to further develop the potential of using locally available geo-resources for conservation and construction projects.

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Catastrophic Limestone Decay at the Central Sanctuary of Iupiter Dolichenus at Dülük Baba Tepesi in Southern Turkey: Causes and Implications for Future Conservation

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Moisture Interactions Between Mosses and Their Underlying Stone Substrates

Moisture Interactions Between Mosses and Their Underlying Stone Substrates

NaCl-Related Weathering of Stone: The Importance of Kinetics and Salt Mixtures in Environmental Risk Assessment

Assessing the suitability of local earth resources for use in clay barriers to protect historic masonry in Pompeii

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