The foundation of the Sasanian Empire in Persia in AD 224 established a formidable new power on the Roman Empire's eastern frontier, and relations over the next four centuries proved turbulent. This book provides a chronological narrative of their relationship, supported by a substantial collection of translated sources illustrating structural patterns. The political goals of the two sides, their military confrontations and their diplomatic solutions are discussed, as well as the common interests between the two powers. Special attention is given to the situation of Arabia and Armenia, to economic aspects, the protection of the frontiers, the religious life in both empires and the channels of communication between East and West. Considerable attention is also paid to exploring the role played by the Sasanians in the history of the ancient Near East. The book will prove invaluable for students and non-specialists interested in late antiquity and early Byzantium.
Jupiter Dolichenus was the god of Doliche, a small city in ancient North Syria. The origins of his cult can be traced back to the Iron Age. In the second century, the worship of Jupiter Dolichenus evolved from a strictly local phenomenon to a trans‐local cult with followers in many parts of the Roman Empire. Many of them were Roman soldiers.
Improvement of subsurface soils by the injection of grout inclusions, termed compaction grouting, has been used since the mid 1950's. For improvement verification, past practice has generally been to test the compaction grouted area with SPT or CPT methods. However, since these procedures test only a single point: too little testing may not accurately represent the non-homogeneous nature of the improved soils while testing in sufficient numbers for accurate statistical evaluation may be uneconomic. An alternative to these methods is direct transmission seismic testing. This technique is particularly well suited to evaluate inclusion-improved soils since the seismic velocity is measured throughout the zone of improvement. To date, little information has been published on this method. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to demonstrate the use of seismic test procedures, to evaluate data accumulated from two test sites and to present recommended guidelines for the use of these methods.
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