Catalytic Degradation of 4-Ethylpyridine in Water by Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Process

Abstract

In this work, the degradation of 4-ethylpyridine (4EP) in water by a heterogeneous photo-Fenton process (H2O2/Fe3O4/ultraviolet irradiation (UV)) was investigated. More rapid and effective 4EP degradation was obtained with H2O2/Fe3O4/UV than Fenton-like (H2O2/Fe3O4) and UV/H2O2, which is due to the larger production of hydroxyl radicals from the chemical and photolytic decomposition of H2O2. The operational conditions were varied during 4EP degradation experiments to evaluate the effects of pH, catalyst, concentration, and temperature on the kinetics and efficiency of H2O2/Fe3O4/UV oxidation. Under optimal conditions (100 mg/L 4EP, [H2O2] = 1000 mg/L, Fe3O4 = 40 mg/L, pH = 3 and room temperature, 300 rpm), 4EP was totally declined and more than 93% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was eliminated. Liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the formation of aromatic and aliphatic intermediates (4-hydroxypyridine, 4-pyridone, malonic, oxalic, and formic acids) that resulted in being mineralized. Ion chromatography analysis demonstrated the stoichiometric release of NH4+ ions during 4EP degradation by heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation. The reuse of the heterogeneous catalyst was evaluated after chemical and heat treatment at different temperatures. The heat-treated catalyst at 500 °C presented similar activity than the pristine Fe3O4. Accordingly, heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation can be an alternative method to treat wastewaters and groundwater contaminated with pyridine derivatives and other organic micropollutants. The combination of heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation with classical biological methods can be proposed to reduce the overall cost of the treatment in large-scale water treatment plants.

Electro-Oxidation of Humic Acids Using Platinum Electrodes: An Experimental Approach and Kinetic Modelling

“…Advanced procedures currently employed to remove recalcitrant compounds from wastewater include adsorption on conventional and innovative solid matrices [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) [17,[32][33][34][35][36], hydrodynamic cavitation [37,38], and ozone-based techniques [39][40][41]. In the last years, electrochemical oxidation (EO), a technique belonging to the class of AOPs, has proven to be effective for removing bio-recalcitrant organic pollutants, due to the simplicity of operation, the stability, versatility, energy efficiency, easy handling, high removal efficiency and environmental compatibility [42][43][44][45][46].…”