Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a non-destructive analytical technique that has been employed in this research to characterize the biochemical make-up of various rat brain regions. The sensorimotor cortex, caudate putamen, thalamus, and the hippocampus were found to have higher olefinic content—an indicator of a higher degree of unsaturated fatty acids—rich in short-chain fatty acids, and low in ester and lipid contents. While the regions of the corpus callosum, internal, and external capsule were found to contain long-chained and higher-esterified saturated fatty acids. These molecular differences may reflect the roles of the specific regions in information processing and can provide a unique biochemical platform for future studies on the earlier detection of pathology development in the brain, as a consequence of disease or injury. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) is another vital analytical technique that was used in this work to analyze the elements’ distribution patterns in various regions of the brain. The complementary data sets allowed the characterization of the brain regions, the chemical dominating groups, and the elemental composition. This set-up may be used for the investigation of changes in the brain caused by diseases and help create a deeper understanding of the interactions between the organic and elemental composition.

In this work, the transformation of urine into nutrients using electrolytic oxidation in a single-compartment electrochemical cell in galvanostatic mode was investigated. The electrolytic oxidation was performed using thin film anode materials: boron-doped diamond (BDD) and dimensionally stable anodes (DSA). The transformation of urine into nutrients was confirmed by the release of nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) ions during electrolytic treatment of synthetic urine aqueous solutions. The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) during electrolytic treatment confirmed the conversion of organic pollutants into biocompatible substances. Higher amounts of NO3− and NH4+ were released by electrolytic oxidation using BDD compared to DSA anodes. The removal of COD and TOC was faster using BDD anodes at different current densities. Active chlorine and chloramines were formed during electrolytic treatment, which is advantageous to deactivate any pathogenic microorganisms. Larger quantities of active chlorine and chloramines were measured with DSA anodes. The control of chlorine by-products to concentrations lower than the regulations require can be possible by lowering the current density to values smaller than 20 mA/cm2. Electrolytic oxidation using BDD or DSA thin film anodes seems to be a sustainable method capable of transforming urine into nutrients, removing organic pollution, and deactivating pathogens.

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Pottery / Radioactive waste / 60 Co / Decontamination / SorptionSummary. Removal of the radioactive tracer 60 Co from solution using pottery and its raw material (potter's clay) was studied at different conditions. The results confirmed that pottery (as a natural cheap material) has a high ability to sorb the radiotracer. The rate of sorption was found to increase with increasing surface area of the sorbent, shaking time, amount of sorbent and pH of the aqueous solution. The sorption by the potter's clay material was found to be slightly higher than the pottery, because of the presence of humic, and other organic, materials. The capacity of the sorbents for the sorption of Co 2+ was found 10.35, 9.68, mmole metal/g sorbent for raw and pottery, respectively. The sorption behavior is described by a Freundlich type isotherm, within the experimental Co 2+ concentrations used. The sorption mechanism was suggested to occur via adsorption and ion exchange.By using a pottery container (pot) as a filtering device, low level radioactive waste solution containing 60 Co + (152,154) Eu or 60 Co + (152,154) Eu + 65 Zn were completely decontaminated.

The purpose of this study is the synthesis of α-MnO2-based cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries by hydrothermal method using KMnO4 and MnSO4 as starting materials. The aim is to improve the understanding of Zn2+ insertion/de-insertion mechanisms. The as-prepared solid compounds were characterized by spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. X-ray diffraction showed that the hydrothermal reaction forms α-MnO2 and Ce4+-inserted MnO2 structures. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of α-MnO2 with hexagonal MnO2 and Ce-MnO2 structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of nanostructured MnO2 (nanofibers) and Ce-MnO2 (nanorods). The electrochemical performance of MnO2 was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests in half-cells. CV results showed the reversible insertion/de-insertion of Zn2+ ions in MnO2 and Ce-MnO2. GCD cycling tests of MnO2 and Ce-MnO2 at 2500 mA/g demonstrated an impressive electrochemical performance, excellent cycling stability throughout 500 cycles, and high rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performance and the good cycling stability of MnO2 and Ce-MnO2 nanostructures by simple method makes them promising cathode materials for aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries.

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