Catalytic activity of various salts in the reaction of 2,3-epoxypropyl phenyl ether and carbon dioxide under atmospheric pressure

Cationic Polymers Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Groups-Catalyzed CO2 Fixation with Epoxides

“…It has been well documented that the nature of the halide counter anion can play a crucial role in such ammonium salt catalyzed CO 2 -incorporation reactions [48,49] and we thus tested Cl and I-containing polymers A-F for this study. Our investigations started by using simple styrene oxide 1a (R = Ph, Scheme 1) as the epoxide component and carrying out the CO 2 fixation under solvent free conditions with an atmospheric pressure of CO 2 (by using a simple balloon) ( Table 1).…”

“…C 1,4 and D 1,4 ) performed less satisfactory when using the iodides instead Scheme 1 Cationic polymers A-F used as catalysts for the CO 2 fixation of epoxides 1 (entries 21,22). According to mechanistic studies by others [48,49], the nucleophilic counter anion plays a crucial role in the initial epoxide opening. The results obtained in our experiments may thus be rationalized by different halidebinding affinities of the different polymers.…”

“…For comparison, the reactions were all run at 120 °C with 0.5 mol% of the catalyst for either 1, 4, or 10 h. The only real limitation was observed when using nitro-styrene oxide (entry 14), which gave almost no cyclic carbonate but instead decomposed totally under the reaction conditions. Mechanistically, the CO 2 fixation with epoxides in the presence of nucleophilic catalysts has been discussed and investigated in much detail [23,40,[48][49][50]. It is commonly believed that the epoxide is activated towards nucleophilic attack by the Lewis-or Bronsted-acidic catalyst and that the nucleophilic source opens the epoxide by addition to the less substituted carbon (for two recent mechanistic investigations see Ref.…”

Design of high surface area poly(ionic liquid)s to convert carbon dioxide into ethylene carbonate

“…avoiding the usage of phosgene and having only water as by-product). A large number of catalysts for the cycloaddition of CO 2 to epoxides have been proposed, ranging from heterogeneous catalysts (such as alkali metal salts 11,12 , organo-phosphorus compounds 13 , metal oxides 14,15 , covalent organic framework (COF) functionalized with triazine 16 ) to homogeneous catalysts (such as chromium complex in dichloromethane, isolated zinc complexes 17,18 and ionic liquids in scCO 2 [19][20][21] . Despite their high efficiency, homogeneous catalysts present the known disadvantages of difficult product separation and catalyst recycling.…”

Preparation and characterization of poly(hydroxyurethane) /halloysite nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization

“…Five-membered cyclic carbonates can be synthesized from oxiranes and carbon dioxide under mild conditions [14] and even stereospecifically via retention of the configuration of epoxides [15]. Recently some papers have reported that fivemembered cyclic carbonates can react with amines efficiently to afford the corresponding hydroxyurethanes [16][17].…”