Abstract. There is currently no glacial lake inventory data set for the entire high-mountain Asia (HMA) area. The definition and classification of glacial lakes remain controversial, presenting certain obstacles to extensive utilization of glacial lake inventory data. This study integrated glacier inventory data and 668 Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI images and adopted manual visual interpretation to extract glacial lake boundaries within a 10 km buffer from glacier extent using ArcGIS and ENVI software, normalized difference water index maps, and Google Earth images. The theoretical and methodological basis for all processing steps including glacial lake definition and classification, lake boundary delineation, and uncertainty assessment is discussed comprehensively in the paper. Moreover, detailed information regarding the coding, location, perimeter and area, area error, type, time phase, source image information, and subregions of the located lakes is presented. It was established that 27 205 and 30 121 glacial lakes (size 0.0054–6.46 km2) in HMA covered a combined area of 1806.47±2.11 and 2080.12±2.28 km2 in 1990 and 2018, respectively. The data set is now available from the National Special Environment and Function of Observation and Research Stations Shared Service Platform (China): https://doi.org/10.12072/casnw.064.2019.db (Wang et al., 2019a).

A novel itaconic acid (IA) based epoxy resin with curable double bonds (EIA) was synthesized by the esterification reaction between IA and epichlorohydrin (ECH). Its chemical structure was confirmed in detail by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR and ESI-ION TRAP MS before being cured by methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA). In order to manipulate the properties of the cured resin, divinyl benzene (DVB) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) were employed here to act as comonomers. The results demonstrated that EIA showed a higher epoxy value of 0.625 and higher curing reactivity toward MHHPA compared with the commonly used diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The glass transition temperature, tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of the cured EIA without comonomers were 130.4 °C, 87.5 MPa, 152.4 MPa and 3400 MPa, respectively, which were comparable or better than those of DGEBA cured by the same curing agent. After being copolymerized with DVB or AESO, the properties of the cured EIA could be regulated further. The results indicated that EIA has great potential to replace the petroleum-based thermosetting resin, such as DGEBA.

Melem: a highly efficient metal-free blue-emitting phosphor, easy to synthesize and abundant in reserve.

No abstract