Catalysts used in biodiesel production: a review

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

“…Alumina is extensively employed as the catalyst supports for various basic or acidic compounds exploited as a solid catalyst in esterication/ transesterication reactions. 107 Several alumina-supported catalysts were employed in the transesterication reaction for biodiesel synthesis, as shown in Table 8. In 2006, Xie et al 108 investigated the potential of KI loaded on an Al 2 O 3 support catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from soybean oil.…”

Nanoferrites heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from soybean and canola oil: a review

“…Homogeneous catalysts having the same phase as reactants are widely used to produce biodiesel. Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium methoxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium methoxide, and potassium hydroxide are among the widely used homogeneous acid and base catalysts (Bohlouli and Mahdavian 2019 ). The use of homogeneous base catalysts facilitates high yields of FAMEs and FAEEs, within about an hour of reaction time and mild reaction conditions (Vyas et al 2010 ).…”

Copper molybdate synthesized by sonochemistry route at room temperature as an efficient solid catalyst for esterification of oleic acid

“…These referred groups interact efficiently with polar groups of the substrate molecules (oils, fats and fatty acids), conducting the esterification and transesterification reactions under a lower energy barrier [15] . Besides, the surface area, pore diameter and volume, surface energy, and particle size of solid catalysts positively influence these materials' catalytic properties [16] .…”