Nanoferrites heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from soybean and canola oil: a review

Bharti, Manish Kumar; Chalia, Sonia; Thakur, Preeti; Sridhara, S. N.; Thakur, Atul; Sharma, Pramodita

doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01247-2

Cited by 49 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(165 reference statements)

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“…In addition to biogas energy generation, the anaerobic digestion process contributes to nutrient recovery, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions as well as depletion of dissolved oxygen (Bharti et al 2021). Several parameters, including alkalinity, organic loading rate, temperature, pH, feedstock composition, hydraulic retention time and concentration of volatile fatty acids, directly affect the anaerobic digestion process and the physiochemical properties of biogas (i.e.…”

Section: Anaerobic Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomass, unlike other sustainable energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, marine and hydropower, can directly produce fuel along with chemicals (Quereshi et al 2021;Farrell et al 2019;Farrell et al 2020). Thus, it is not feasible to substitute fossil-based fuels with the aforementioned sustainable energy sources; hence, biomass utilisation to produce fuel and chemicals is required (Bharti et al 2021). Biomass is classified as non-lignocellulosic or lignocellulosic in nature and exists in various forms such as woody, herbaceous, aquatic debris, farming manure and byproducts and other forms (Osman et al 2019;Kaloudas et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

et al. 2021

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The global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

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Section: Anaerobic Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

et al. 2021

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“…For the transesterification processes, a number of heterogeneous (solid) catalysts have been tested at the laboratory scale [60]. Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts, instead of homogeneous catalysts, could possibly lead to cheaper production costs as it enables the reuse of catalysts [3,61].…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

et al. 2021

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The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

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“…Owing to the limited contact between the reactants, the reaction is therefore lower than the reaction rate. Interestingly, catalysts can promote more contact of reactants and hence optimize catalytic activity and yielded more biodiesel product [228]. Contact between reactants can be categorised into three types of mechanisms: mass transfer, kinetic, and equilibrium [229,230].…”

Section: Biodiesel Production Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

et al. 2021

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Biodiesel, comprising mono alkyl fatty acid esters or methyl ethyl esters, is an encouraging option to fossil fuels or diesel produced from petroleum; it has comparable characteristics and its use has the potential to diminish carbon dioxide production and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufactured from recyclable and sustainable feedstocks, e.g., oils originating from vegetation, biodiesel has biodegradable properties and has no toxic impact on ecosystems. The evolution of biodiesel has been precipitated by the continuing environmental damage created by the deployment of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is predominantly synthesised via transesterification and esterification procedures. These involve a number of key constituents, i.e., the feedstock and catalytic agent, the proportion of methanol to oil, the circumstances of the reaction and the product segregation and purification processes. Elements that influence the yield and standard of the obtained biodiesel encompass the form and quantity of the feedstock and reaction catalyst, the proportion of alcohol to feedstock, the temperature of the reaction, and its duration. Contemporary research has evaluated the output of biodiesel reactors in terms of energy production and timely biodiesel manufacture. In order to synthesise biodiesel for industrial use efficaciously, it is essential to acknowledge the technological advances that have significant potential in this sector. The current paper therefore offers a review of contemporary progress, feedstock categorisation, and catalytic agents for the manufacture of biodiesel and production reactors, together with modernised processing techniques. The production reactor, form of catalyst, methods of synthesis, and feedstock standards are additionally subjects of discourse so as to detail a comprehensive setting pertaining to the chemical process. Numerous studies are ongoing in order to develop increasingly efficacious techniques for biodiesel manufacture; these acknowledge the use of solid catalytic agents and non-catalytic supercritical events. This review appraises the contemporary situation with respect to biodiesel production in a range of contexts. The spectrum of techniques for the efficacious manufacture of biodiesel encompasses production catalysed by homogeneous or heterogeneous enzymes or promoted by microwave or ultrasonic technologies. A description of the difficulties to be surmounted going forward in the sector is presented.

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Nanoferrites heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from soybean and canola oil: a review

Cited by 49 publications

References 118 publications

Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

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