Carvacrol and Thymol Reduce Swine Waste Odor and Pathogens: Stability of Oils

Varel, V. H.

doi:10.1007/s00284-001-0071-z

Cited by 79 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, our analysis showed that none of the fractions tested were active against P. aeruginosa. That could have been due to the existence of a "synergistic interaction" between substances present in CHE, which together could exert antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa [synergism is characterized when the interaction of two or more compounds yields higher efficiency than either single compound (Varel, 2002)], or perhaps the active compounds were not eluted, but retained in the column.…”

Section: Microbial Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial activity of fermented Theobroma cacao pod husk extract

et al. 2014

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ABSTRACT. Theobroma cacao L. contains more than 500 different chemical compounds some of which have been traditionally used for their antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory, vasodilatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. Spontaneous aerobic fermentation of cacao husks yields a crude husk extract (CHE) with antimicrobial activity. CHE was fractioned by solvent partition with polar solvent extraction or by silica gel chromatography and a total of 12 subfractions were analyzed for chemical composition and bioactivity. CHE was effective against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa. Antibacterial activity was determined using 6 strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella choleraesuis (Gram-negative). At doses up to 10 mg/mL, CHE was not effective against the Gram-positive bacteria tested but against medically important P. aeruginosa and S. choleraesuis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5.0 mg/mL. Sub-fractions varied widely in activity and strongest antibacterial activity was seen with CHE8 against S. choleraesuis (MIC of 1.0 mg/mL) and CHE9 against S. epidermidis (MIC of 2.5 mg/mL). All bioactive CHE fractions contained phenols, steroids, or terpenes, but no saponins. Fraction CHE9 contained flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, and terpenes, amino acids, and alkaloids, while CHE12 had the same compounds but lacked flavonoids.

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Section: Microbial Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial activity of fermented Theobroma cacao pod husk extract

et al. 2014

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“…The herb has also been reported to have antibacterial activities against a wide range of pathogenic microbial organisms (Varel, 2002). In addition, these phenolic compounds exhibit considerable antimicrobial and antifungicidal activities (Basilico and Basilico, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of plant extracts derived from thyme on male broiler performance

et al. 2015

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The effect of dietary thyme-oil extract (TOE) supplementation on immune functions of broilers were assessed by feeding graded levels (50, 100, 200, or 400 ppm) of TOE to male broiler chicks during a 42-d feeding trial compared with negative-or positive-control diets. Dietary control treatments included a negative-control diet with no feed-additive supplementation and 2 positive-control groups supplemented with either virginiamycin or zinc bacitracin. In total, 300 1-day-old Ross × Ross male broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments that consisted of 5 replicates of 10 birds each. On d 21 and 42, 2 birds from each replicate were killed by cervical cutting to measure the relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. At 25 d of age, chicks were injected with 0.5 mL of 10% SRBC suspension. Broilers fed with 200 ppm of TOE had heavier weights of bursa of Fabricius than those fed other dietary treatments at d 42 of age. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 100 ppm of TOE resulted in higher (P < 0.05) total immunoglobulin response in primary antibody titer against sheep erythrocytes compared with other dietary treatments. On the other hand, diet modifications had no significant effect on blood leukocyte subpopulations and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with TOE, especially at the level of 100 ppm, can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks.

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“…In preliminary attempts, these improvements were made successfully by feeding essential oils (thymol and carvacrol) or probiotics (Varel, 2002). Furthermore, probiotics were regarded as common supplements for such improvements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of various additives to enhance growth performance, blood profiles, and reduce malodour emissions in growing pigs

et al. 2017

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Experiment 1 was a feeding trial in which 75 (LandraceⅹYorkshire)ⅹDuroc pigs with average initial bodyweight (BW) of 26 ± 1 kg were used. It was assigned to three pigs/pen and five pens/treatment. Experiment 2 was a metabolic trial in which 25 (LandraceⅹYorkshire)ⅹDuroc pigs with average initial bodyweight (BW) of 36 ± 1 kg were used. The basal diet consisted of maize (57.71 %), soybean meal (32.45 %), and wheat bran (5 %). Treatments consisted of i) CON (control diet); ii) OE (organic acid + essential oils) (Aviplus-S ® ), that is, CON + 0.05 % OE; iii) OC (organic charcoal) (Olga Black ® ), that is, CON + 0.1 % OC; iv) AE (anise extracts) (RESQ ® ), that is, CON + 0.015 % AE; and v) PB (probiotics) (Bonvital ® ), that is, CON + 0.1 % PB. Average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed ratio (G : F) were significantly higher in the OE and AE groups than in the others. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) for OE, OC, and AE treatments was significantly higher than that for CON and PB treatments. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was significantly higher in AE than CON. Crude protein (CP) was significantly higher in OE, AE, and PB than CON. CON and other treatments did not cause significant differences in blood l-density lipoprotein (LDL), and glucose. NH 3 emissions were significantly lower in all treated groups than in CON. Among the treatments, NH 3 emissions were lowest in OE and AE. H 2 S emissions were significantly lower in OE, AE, and PB than in CON. Among the treatments, OE and AE were most effective at reducing H 2 S emissions. The emissions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) showed no significant difference between treatments and CON. In conclusion, this experiment was shown to be more effective on growth performance, malodour emission, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in OE and AE than other additives.

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Carvacrol and Thymol Reduce Swine Waste Odor and Pathogens: Stability of Oils

Cited by 79 publications

References 16 publications

Antimicrobial activity of fermented Theobroma cacao pod husk extract

Antimicrobial activity of fermented Theobroma cacao pod husk extract

Effect of plant extracts derived from thyme on male broiler performance

Effects of various additives to enhance growth performance, blood profiles, and reduce malodour emissions in growing pigs

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