Carriage of Bacteria by Proboscises, Legs, and Feces of Two Species of Flies in Street Food Vending Sites in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Abstract

Flies are widely recognized as potential reservoirs and vectors of bacteria. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess meat-poultry and local fruit juice processing and vending sites for their hygienic status and the presence of houseflies, Musca domestica, and blow flies, Lucilia caesar, for bacterial carriage. The hygienic status results revealed the presence of waste and sewage nearby which provided food and harborage for flies. On the two sites, the M. domestica population was dominant ranging from 76.48 to 91.30%, while the L. caesar population rate ranged from 8.70 to 23.52%. Using specific growth media for bacteria and biochemical tests, bacterial carriage of pooled fly proboscises, legs, and feces were assessed. For both flies, 66.67 to 100% of feces pools were positive for Shigella, Salmonella, and streptococci, while 35.41 to 82.05% of leg and proboscis pools were positive for the same bacteria. In assessment, 0 to 2.56% of feces pools and 8.33 to 28.20% of leg and proboscis pools were staphylococci positive. Coliforms were detected in 100% of pooled organs, while 10 x 10(3) to 1.1 x 10(3) CFU with predominance of coliforms, streptococci, and Shigella were counted on legs and feces of houseflies captured on the two vending sites. Blow flies from the same vending site had an organ bacterial load in the range of 3 x 10(2) to 2.7 x 10(3) CFU per organ. Coliforms, Shigella, and streptococci were present in high numbers. Staphylococci was noticed in low numbers in all parts tested of both flies. Captured housefly and blow fly bacteria-releasing frequency through feces was estimated at 5 to 35 CFU per feces sample for Salmonella and 85 to 495 CFU per feces sample for Shigella.

Assessment of Hygiene Practices and Identification of Critical Control Points Relating to the Production of Skewered Meat Sold in N’Djamena-Chad

“…There is no liquid discharge system, which leads to an accumulation of dirty water and garbage that may attract flies and other insects. Studies (Barro et al, 2006;Muinde & Kuria, 2005) indicate that an unsafe place for the preparation and sale of street food, marked by the presence of various solid waste liquid provides a favorable environment for flies and other insects. Other studies (de Jesus et al, 2004;Szalanski et al, 2004) showed that insects play an important role in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms that cause infections.…”

“…They provide the mechanical transmission of germs from one place to another landing on contaminated surfaces (waste or feces) and on the food briefly opened. Large populations of two species of flies have been identified on the websites selling street food: it is the housefly and green fly respectively Musca domestica and Lucilia caesar (Barro et al, 2006). The observations revealed that these two insects flit and are often found in foods.…”

“…Musca domestica, each time landing on the surface of the food, leaving a large number of pathogenic bacteria (de Jesus et al, 2004) and is recognized as a vector responsible for several diseases in all continents (Allan & Zurek, 2004). The importance of the fly population on sites of preparation and sale of food indicates the presence or proximity of an unhealthy environment so favorable to the living conditions of these insects (Barro et al, 2006). Microbiological analyzes on feces, legs and snout of two species of fly M. domestica and L. caesar have highlighted their role as a reservoir of microorganisms.…”

Morpho-Molecular Characterization and Virulence Determination of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Native to Indian Subcontinent

“…The vector potential of M. domestica has been proved for the propagation of protozoan (amoebic dysentery), bacterial (shigellosis, salmonellosis, cholera), helminthic (round worms, hookworms, pinworms and tapeworms), viral (Turkey Corona virus, Reticuloendotheliosis virus, H5N1 influenza virus) and rickettsial infections, among others [4]. The study by Barro et al [6], revealed M. domestica to be predominant fly associated with street-food vendors in Ouagadougou which carried isolates of Coliform, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococci and Streptococci on both their legs and proboscis, while Barin et al [7], demonstrated presence of Newcastle disease virus in the significant number of adult muscid flies collected from 20 poultry farms near Tehran, Iran. Furthermore, recent reports about carriage of antibiotic-resistant pathogens by M. domestica collected from different fast-food restaurants in northern Kansas (USA) [8] and in hospitals of several countries of Sub-Saharan Africa [9] are quite alarming and calls for urgent M. domestica control measures.…”

Efek ekstrak minyak citronela Cymbopogon nardus L. terhadap proporsi frekuensi kontak fisik Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) pada ransum dan performa broiler

“…dan Staphylococcus spp. (Almeida et al 2014), melalui alat probosis, serta organ tubuh bagian luar terutama tungkai (Barro et al 2006) ketika melakukan aktifitas makan dan bereproduksi (Nayduch et al 2013). Selanjutnya, agen penyakit yang telah masuk atau melekat pada organ tubuh tersebut dipindahkan ke materi makanan ternak dan pada gilirannya mikroorganisme patogen terinfeksi pada ternak yang mengkonsumsi makanan tersebut (Zurek & Ghosh 2014).…”