Meat is a food of choice because of its nutritional quality. Grills are regularly consumed in Africa and particularly in the Sahelian countries. These are very popular consumer products. However, they can be contaminated by various microorganisms and cause food poisoning if the meat is not handled in hygienic conditions. In order to contribute to improving the quality of these products, we have followed the steps in production of meat skewers by the method of "5M" of Ishikawa. The "HACCP decision tree" model was used to determine the Critical Control Points (CCP). Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a method and principles of management of food safety. The results of monitoring procedures for making meat skewers showed many shortcomings in hygiene. Six (06) critical points were determined. As for testing, we conducted microbiological analyzes on fifty (50) units of samples corresponding to ten (10) different types of products collected at different stages of production. Compared to AFNOR (French Association of Standardization), criteria for cooked and dehydrated soups and considering the analytical variability associated with the methods of analysis, our results indicate that the products contaminated with germs indicating failure to comply with hygiene. Samples analyzed presented at different stages of production compliance rate of 40% for total bacteria (30 °C), 30% for total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms (44 °C). The rate of non-compliance is 40% compared with sulphite-reducing anaerobes. Molds identified in meat skewered and ingredients are Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp and Geotrichum sp. Salmonella, S. aureus and yeasts are absent in the samples. Training on good hygiene practices is required at vendors in order to ensure the hygienic quality of grilled meats.

Intestinal helminths constitute the primary cause of illnesses in pre and school age children in the less developed countries. Their importance has been disregarded for a long time because of their insidious and chronic nature. In order to assess the prevalence rate of intestinal helminths in Chadian children, a survey of intestinal worms was carried out from March 2010 to February 2011 in two ecological zones (Sahelian and Sudanian zones) in the Republic of Chad. 1002 children (541 boys and 461 girls) aged from 6 to 17 years were enrolled in our investigation. The coprological analysis carried out in this study included macroscopic examination, direct microscopic examination and two concentration techniques (the Kato method and the formalin-ether concentration technique). The results showed highly significant differences in the prevalence of intestinal helminths between the two ecological zones, the prevalence being generally higher in the Sudanian zone than in the Sahelian one. Among all the helminths identified in the two zones, Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common, followed by Hymenolepis nana. A regular deworming and improvement of the hygienic conditions in these zones could go a long way to prevent intestinal worm infections. The findings of the present study urgently call for an improvement in environmental hygiene, the sanitary education of the populations and the creation of a national program for the fight against intestinal helminths in Chad.

; Tel : +235 66 37 36 47 / +235 90209073 RESUME Les réfugiés et déplacés de guerre sont des personnes vulnérables. C'est pourquoi, nous avons entrepris une étude des gastro-entérites dans leurs milieux au Sud et à l'Est du Tchad. Cette étude a concerné 53 patients dans les camps du Sud dont 28,30% sont des enfants de 0 à 5 ans. Elle a été couplée d'une enquête sur l'état nutritionnel de 205 réfugiés dans les deux zones. L'isolement et l'identification des entéropathogènes dans les selles ont été réalisés au laboratoire de l'Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale (HGRN), en utilisant les milieux Hektoen, Mueller-Hinton, EMB, Saboraud Chloramphénicol et la galerie API ® 20 E. La microscopie, les tests de filamentation et biochimiques ont permis de caractériser et de déterminer les taux des infestations parasitaires, fongiques et d'infections bactériennes qui sont respectivement de 18,86%, 11,32% et 24,52%. La caractérisation de la sensibilité des agents bactériens Salmonella, Shigella et Escherichia coli a montré une résistance de 85% aux bêta-lactamines. En revanche, 98% des germes sont sensibles aux fluoroquinolones. Cette étude nous a permis non seulement de connaître les caractéristiques des diarrhées liées à l'état nutritionnel des réfugiés, mais également, de mettre en évidence une antibiothérapie efficace permettant la mise en place d'un programme de prévention contre les maladies diarrhéiques et d'amélioration de leur état nutritionnel dans les milieux confinés. L'amélioration de l'état nutritionnel des enfants pourrait comporter : la distribution régulière et complète des aliments riches en vitamines ; l'extension des programmes d'alimentation d'appoint et le logement adéquat pour les réfugiés.

Introduction: Skin health disease is still a public health problem. Concerning this situation, the study was conducted with the objective of enhancing the Chadian pharmacopoeia medicinal plants of Daniellia oliveri, Parinari curatellifolia who traditionally used in the treatment of fungal diseases particular dermatophytosis. Methods: The agar incorporation method was used to determine the antidermatophyte activity of the ethanolic extracts of the barks of Daniellia oliveri and Parinari curatellifolia. In addition, a phytochemical study was carried out to link the structure to the activity. Results: The phytochemical results revealed that the ethanolic extracts of the barks of Daniellia oliveri and Parinari curatellifolia are richer in secondary metabolites (flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, alkaloids, saponosides, glycosides, anthraquinones and free quinones). These ethanolic extracts of the barks of Daniellia oliveri and Parinari curatellifolia rich in secondary metabolites inhibited the growth of dermatophytes isolated from patients, for Trichophyton Schoenleinii, at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.75 mg/ml and Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis at the same MIC of 1.5 mg/ml. Conclusion: From this study, the bioactivity compounds highlighted that these plants could be a possible source for phytomedicinal developing against fungal infections (Dermatophytoses).

Les radicaux libres étant impliqués dans la genèse de plusieurs maladies, l’intérêt scientifique porté à la recherche d’antioxydants naturels à partir des plantes médicinales a considérablement augmenté ces dernières années. La présente étude vise à déterminer les métabolites secondaires sur la base des réactions de coloration et/ou de précipitations, doser quantitativement ces métabolites secondaires. Les feuilles de Commelina benghalensis ont été utilisées pour les différents tests. Les métabolites secondaires ont été dosés par les méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. L’activité antiradicalaire a été évaluée par les tests de réduction du DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) et de l’ABTS (acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonique)). Le pouvoir réducteur vis-à-vis de l’ion ferrique a été également évalué. Les potentiels anti-inflammatoires ont été évalués par la méthode d’inhibition de la dénaturation de l’albumine, l’inhibition de l’hémolyse induite par la chaleur, l’inhibition de l’activité de la protéinase et celle de la lipo-oxygénase. Les tests ont mis en évidence la présence des flavonoïdes, des phénols, des anthraquinones et les glycosides (forte concentration), des saponines (concentration modérée), et alcaloïdes (assez présents) et une absence des tanins et des terpénoïdes. Le dosage quantitatif a mis en évidence une dominance des polyphénols totaux (74,13mgEAG/g d’extrait) et des flavonoïdes (61,27mgER/g d’extrait). L’extrait a montré une importante activité antioxydante à piéger le radical libre DPPH (PI = 65,03%) et à réduire le fer ferrique Fe3+ en fer ferreux Fe2+ (PI = 50,68%). Le présent travail a également prouvé l’activité anti-hémolytique (126,79±1,28 pour l’extrait aqueux contre 82,49±1,35 pour le Diclofenac) et anti-dénaturante des protéines des différents extraits des feuilles de C. benghalensis (62,32±1,02 pour l’extrait aqueux contre 53,29±0,46 pour le Diclofenac). L’activité antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles de Commelina benghalensis mise en évidence dans cette étude pourrait justifier l’utilisation de cette plante dans le soin de l’hypertension artérielle. As free radicals are involved in the genesis of several diseases, scientific interest in the search for natural antioxidants from medicinal plants has increased considerably in recent years. The present study aims to determine the secondary metabolites on the basis of staining and/or precipitation reactions, to quantitatively assay these secondary metabolites. The leaves of Commelina benghalensis were used for the different tests. The secondary metabolites were determined by qualitative and quantitative methods. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) reduction tests.) The reducing power towards ferric ion was also evaluated. Anti-inflammatory potentials were evaluated by the method of inhibition of albumin denaturation, inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis, inhibition of proteinase activity and lipo-oxygenase activity. The tests showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, anthraquinones and glycosides (high concentration), saponins (moderate concentration), and alkaloids (quite present) and an absence of tannins and terpenoids. The quantitative assay showed a dominance of total polyphenols (74.13mgEAG/g extract) and flavonoids (61.27mgER/g extract). The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH free radical (PI = 65.03%) and reducing ferric iron Fe3+ to ferrous iron Fe2+ (PI = 50.68%). The present work also proved the anti-hemolytic (126.79±1.28 for aqueous extract versus 82.49±1.35 for Diclofenac) and protein denaturant activity of the different extracts of C. benghalensis leaves (62.32±1.02 for aqueous extract versus 53.29±0.46 for Diclofenac). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Commelina benghalensis highlighted in this study could justify the use of this plant in the care of arterial hypertension.